法向面

The main factors affecting the soil-structure interface behaviors were found experimentally and theoretically, including: 1 the thickness of the interface that is five to six times the average grain size of the soil; 2 the aeolotropy of interface, which is responsible for anisotropic response of the stress-strain response of the interface; 3 two physical states, including crashing and compression of the soil near the structure surface, which govern the stress-strain response of the interface strongly; 4 two shear deformation components due to sliding and constraint of the structure surface relative to the soil respectively, which forms the deformation of the interface; 5 the volumetric strain due to dilatancy, which is found to be composed of a reversible dilatancy component and an irreversible dilatancy component. 4. A unified constitutive model of the interface, based on new elasto-plasticity damage theory, was developed. It was confirmed to be effective for the conditions considering monotonic and cyclic shearing, coupling effect of shear and volumetric strains, evolution of physical state, micro-structure aeolotropy of the soil and the resulting aeolotropy of the interface as well as the three normal boundary conditions stated above. 5. 2D and 3D finite element formulations of the present model were derived and incorporated into the FEM codes. They were applied to the evaluation of practical engineering problems with different typical interfaces between soil and structure. The new model was shown to be reasonable and effective.

确定了粗粒土与结构接触面厚度约为5～6倍的平均粒径，首次揭示了接触面的细观结构异向性以及由此所引起的宏观剪切异向性，发现了在单调和往返剪切荷载作用下土颗粒破碎和剪切压密两种物态变化机制共同支配着接触面力学性质的变化，通过细观分析证实了接触面的变形可分解为一般同时发生的土与结构交界面上的滑移变形以及结构面位移约束范围之内土体本身的剪切变形两部分，观测到接触面受剪时表现出明显的相对法向位移，并可分解为可逆性和不可逆性两个分量；(4)建立了第一个能够统一地描述单调与往返剪切特性、剪应变与体应变耦合特性、细观结构和宏观剪切异向性以及土颗粒破碎等物态变化特性的土与结构接触面弹塑性损伤本构数学模型，并采用多种法向边界条件复杂加载路径的试验成果验证了新模型的合理性和有效性；(5)提出了新模型的二、三维有限元格式并结合实际边值问题进行了应用计算分析，比较了不同接触面本构模型对计算结果的影响，证实了新模型及其有限元格式不仅能够合理地描述土与结构接触面的主要力学特性，还能够较好地反映土体与结构物在接触面处的滑移、脱开等不连续现象。

The PSE in the curve coordinate systems are solved by the numerical techniques developed efficiently in this paper. A normal transform is introduced, and there are enough much grids in the region between the critical layer and the wall, where the variation of the disturbance is the quickest. The finite-difference of governing equations with fourth-order accuracy in the normal direction is utilized in full regions including points close the wall, and is very important for accurately discreting equations.

对于曲线坐标系下的抛物化稳定性方程，文中发展了求解的高效数值方法：引进法向变换，使得在临界层与壁面之间的扰动量变化最快的区域有更多的法向网格点；导出包含边界邻域在内的完全四阶精度的法向有限差分格式，这对方程精确离散至关重要；采用全局法和局部法相结合的方法及其新的迭代公式，大大加速收敛并得到更精确的特征值。

A method of the three-coordinate machine to the measurement of direct error happened to the cylindrical indexing cam contour surface is proposed in the paper.

介绍了用三坐标机测量圆柱分度凸轮廓面法向误差的方法，在此基础上分析了廓面误差对圆柱分度凸轮机构分度误差的影响。

A theoretical stress tensor model that includes surface tension forces and viscous forces is developed by considering the three-dimensional spatially periodic cells of dodecahedron. Meanwhile, the shear stress and normal stress difference under various shear rates are calculated by computer.

本文在同时考虑表面张力与粘性力的情况下，以三维模型—长菱形十二面体及泡沫的应力张量表达式为基础，得出了泡沫的剪应力及法向应力差表达式，并通过计算机进行了求解，讨论了泡沫粘度、泡沫大小等因素对剪应力及法向应力差的影响。

Firstly, from Gauss' equations and relative motion equations, the relation of control impulse and relative motion was expressed as analysis formulas and simplified based on the near circular condition. By deeply analyzing the mechanism of impulses in each directions (radial, in-track and cross-track directions) effect on relative motion respectively, two maneuvers to establish formation flying are provided: one is to utilize the impulses in radial and cross-track directions, the other is to utilize the impulses in along-track and cross-track directions. Both of the two methods can establish satellite formation flying of any configuration. The method with impulses irradial and cross-track directions needs only 3 impulses, while the method with impulses in along-back and cross-track directions needs 4 impulses. Lastly, by an example of establishing a space-circle formation flying, two maneuvers were compared with each other in the amount of impulses and fuel consuming estimation.

首先由高斯型拉格朗日轨道摄动运动方程得到轨道坐标系中控制冲量与轨道根数偏差的关系，基于近圆轨道的条件简化并带入相对运动方程，得到控制冲量与相对运动的关系表达式；通过深入分析各个方向（径向、沿迹向与轨道面法向）的控制冲量对相对运动的影响，给出了分别用径向与轨道面法向控制冲量组合和沿迹向与轨道面法向控制冲量组合实现编队捕获的两种控制策略；最后给出了一个空间圆编队捕获实例，并从燃料消耗、施加冲量次数及捕获时间等角度对比研究了两种控制策略的特点。

Finally, the four-unit cylindrically conformal microstrip antenna array is processed and tested. Testing results indicate that, the input VSWR of the antenna array in the vicinity of 1.575GHz is less than 2, the omni-directional performance good, 3dB bandwidth is about 90 degree on axial plane, right-hand circularly polarization good. Overall performance of the antenna array satisfies the design requirements.

对仿真获得的四单元柱面共形微带天线阵列进行了加工测试，测试结果表明该天线阵列在1.575GHz附近工作频带内输入驻波小于2，柱面法向平面全向性良好，轴向平面3dB波瓣宽度约为90。，右旋圆极化效果良好，天线整体性能达到工程设计要求。

Based on the transfinite interpolation theory, an improved algebraic grid generation method is presented in this paper. Our improvements of existing algebraic grid generation method include:(1) orthogonality control, which greatly improves grid orthogonality adapted to viscous flow calculation;(2) weighted average smoothing, which efficiently handles with grid intersection due to concave corner existence;(3) normal vector control, which adjusts grid smoothing near convex corner.

基于无限插值理论，引入本文提出的网格正交控制、物面法向量控制、加权平均光顺措施，给出了一种改进的空间网格生成方法，有效克服了传统无限插值网格生成方法在复杂外形网格生成方面的缺陷，有效改善了网格的法向疏密性、贴体性及周向网格的均匀性，对真实飞行器部件网格生成非常迅速。

For example, alkaline elements can affect diffusion velocity of Zr, Si and O ions although these alkaline elements cannot exist in crystal structure of zircon. However, K rich media and Na rich media exert different effects on the growth of crystal form: in the K rich media, growth speed of prism faces in the vertical direction is much higher than that of pyramid faces, and {111} growth speed in the vertical direction is higher than {311},which decides the formation of bipyramids dominated by {311} pyramids; in the Na rich media, both prism and pyramid grow to a certain extent, but the former is smaller than the latter.{100} growth speed in the vertical direction is lower than {110}, while {111} growth velocity in the vertical diredtion is lower than that of {311},resulting in the growth of the crystal form characterized by {100} short prism and {111} pyramid.

例如，尽管碱性元素并不进入锆石晶格，但它们可以影响Zr、Si、O离子的扩散速度，但是富钾和富钠的介质对锆石晶形发育的影响是有差别的，表现为：在富钾的介质中，将导致柱面的法向生长速度较锥面快得多，而锥面中，｛111｝的法向生长又较｛311｝快，由此决定了形成以｛311｝锥为主的双锥状晶体；在富钠的介质中，柱面和锥面都有一定程度的发育，但前者弱于后者，而柱面中，｛100｝的法向生长较｛110｝慢，由此决定了形成以｛100｝柱和｛111｝锥为主的短柱锥状晶体。

Crack sliding induced microcrack surface normal dilation and normal dilation induced microcrack further self-similar propagation are considered, the ineracting of sliding and propagation is clarified. The fourth-order tangent homogeneous stiffness tensor of shear microcrack is deduced, and at last the constitutive model of low porosity is expressed in increment formulation though unit sphere surface integral.

3在评述当前常用的微裂纹滑移准则的基础上，提出了本文的滑移准则，考虑了微裂纹滑移引起的裂纹面法向膨胀，以及由法向膨胀引起的微裂纹进一步扩展，阐明了滑移-扩展相互影响的细观力学机制。

The shear layer vortices dominate in the initial portion of the jet, which are a result of the K-H instability. The crossflow encounters an adverse pressure gradient ahead of the jet and separates to form horseshoe vortices under the pressure downstream, and they develop into the wake. The wake vorticity comes into being in the actions of an adverse pressure gradient and a wall-normal component of vorticity, which originates from the wall boundary and is entrained into the jet. The shear layer vortices encounter adverse pressure gradients in the lee of the jet and break down, leading to the formation of the CVP and the CVP is the most important characteristic of the jet in crossflow.

文中指出：剪切层涡源于射流与横流之间的K-H不稳定性；马蹄形涡的产生是由于射流喷口上游迎风侧的壁面边界层内存在逆压梯度，使流动发生了分离，在下游逆压梯度的挤压作用下，形成了马蹄形涡，马蹄形涡向下游发展，进入尾迹区；在逆压梯度和法向涡生成项的共同作用下产生了尾迹涡，尾迹涡源于壁面边界层，止于射流，并将部分涡量向上输运至射流内部的CVP；CVP是横向紊动射流的重要特征，剪切层涡破裂后，在逆压梯度的作用下CVP形成。

Breath, muscle contraction of the buttocks; arch body, as far as possible to hold his head, right leg straight towards the ceiling (peg-leg knee in order to avoid muscle tension).

呼气，收缩臀部肌肉；拱起身体，尽量抬起头来，右腿伸直朝向天花板（膝微屈，以避免肌肉紧张）。

The cost of moving grain food products was unchanged from May, but year over year are up 8%.

粮食产品的运输费用与5月份相比没有变化，但却比去年同期高8％。