法

The boundary contour formulations of evaluatingstresses from the Somigliana stress identity are derived for 2-D problemswith quadratic boundary elements.The boundary contour method basedon the traction boundary integral equation is further discussed.Elasticproblems are first solved using the traction boundary contour method.Amixed collocation of the displacement boundary contour formulation andtraction boundary contour formulation is given.(4)The dual boundarycontour method is developed for the analysis of crack problems.

3建出了Somigliana应力积分式的二维和三维问题的边界轮廓法理论；给立了二维问题由Somigliana应力积分式计算应力的二次形函数的边界轮廓法方程，进而给出了基于面力边界积分方程的边界轮廓法；提出了一种以位移边界轮廓法方程与面力边界轮廓法方程混合配置的方案，首次实现了用两种积分方程相结合来求解弹性力学问题。

Here is to discuss how to bring VAVE and Benchmarking as well as price breaking-down analysis into practice, which can find the opportunity to reduce product cost.

本研究就是探讨如何综合运用价值工程法、"头脑风暴"法(BrainStorming，BS)、作业成本计算法(Activity Based Costing，ABC)、竞争对手成本分析法和标杆制度和产品分解分析法，以及成本动因分析法等一些价值工程和产品对比、分解价格分析这些手段来对汽车零部件的成本进行分析对比，开展实际零件成本比较工作，发现降低产品的成本的机会。

Methods The experimental TBI model was established by bumpiness of free falling body according to Feeney′s.The rats′cerebral edema were imaged with magnetic resonance image,The changes of brain water content and permeability of blood-brain barrier were measured by the methods of wet and dry weight and Evans blue fluorometry.The expression of AQP-4 mRNA was examined by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction.

按照改进的Feeney自由落体撞击法建立大鼠创伤性脑损伤模型，用磁共振成像对大鼠脑水肿进行检测，干/湿比重法和伊文思蓝测定法观察大鼠TBI后不同时相脑组织含水量和BBB通透性的变化，并采用逆转录聚合酶链反应法检测AQP-4 mRNA的表达，蛋白质免疫印迹法检测AQP-4蛋白的表达。

In modern physics research, the calculus of variations has a broad application of law. As a solid mechanics, structural mechanics and computational mechanics of the theoretical foundation, it has important value in theory and practice on the mechanics; Variation method ruled out the perturbation of the restrictions can be widely used in many state-level and the state function in the calculation in the optical; Calculus of variations can be calculated with the parameters, we can guarantee the reliability of the results, can effectively reduce the workload of calculation, It can be said that the applications of calculus of variations are very broad.

在现代的物理学研究中，变分法有着广泛的应用：在力学上，变分法作为固体力学、结构力学及计算力学的理论基础，在理论上和实践上都有重要的价值；在光学上，变分法排除了微扰法的限制，可以广泛应用于诸多定态能级和态函数的计算中；在量子力学的应用中，具有可算出系统的参数，既可以保证计算结果的可靠性，又能有效地减少计算的工作量等的优点，可以说变分法的应用领域十分广阔。

The basic principle, advantage, disadvantage and the improvement for measuring liquid surface tension with different methods were described. The methods were capillary rise method, Wilhelmy plate method, pendent drop method, drop volume method, maximum bubble pressure method. The problems in the surface tension measurement of wide temperature and pressure range, the chosen of experimental methods and the development tendency of these were introduced especially in this paper.

本文着重介绍了几种液体表面张力的测定方法（包括毛细管上升法、Wilhelmy盘法、悬滴法、滴体积法、最大气泡压力法），包括这几种方法的测定原理、优缺点及改进方法，特别指出了宽温度和压力范围的表面张力测定存在的问题，实验方法的选择及表面张力测定方法的发展趋势。

The basic principle,advantage,disadvantage and the improvement for measuring liquid surface tension with different methods were described.The methods were capillary rise method,Wilhelmy plate method,pendent drop method,drop volume method,maximum bubble pressure method.The problems in the surface tension measurement of wide temperature and pressure range,the chos...

本文着重介绍了几种液体表面张力的测定方法(包括毛细管上升法、Wilhelmy盘法、悬滴法、滴体积法、最大气泡压力法)，包括这几种方法的测定原理、优缺点及改进方法，特别指出了宽温度和压力范围的表面张力测定存在的问题，实验方法的选择及表面张力测定方法的发展趋势。

The comparison of deodourization of yeast fermentetion, black tea salt system, complex purple perilla salt system and smoking fluid salt system for freshwater chub and younger sea fish were researched.

分别采用了液体烟薰料腌制脱腥法、紫苏混合液腌制脱腥法、粉末活性碳脱腥法、有机红茶脱腥法和酵母发酵脱腥法分别对淡水鲢鱼和干海鱼仔进行脱腥试验。

The primary work of this paper includes: 1 The general process and the fundamental theory of genetic algorithm is introduced systematically, which is also be applied to an example; 2 The penalty function method and the constraint tournament method are introduced in the paper, which are used to process the constraint limit. Via analyzing the basic principle of NSGA-II ,which is elaborated in the paper, the fast non- dominated sorting method, congestion distance and its comparison operator, the elite strategy and the main process of NSGA-II is researched particularly. 3 Via modeling the fire distribution problem, the model is computed by the algorithm of NSGA-II, which is combined with both the penalty function method and the restraint league tournament method The optimization of two goals are also realized in the paper. The results derived from the VC++6.0 indicate that, two algorithms both have the high convergence, simultaneously the Pareto optimal solution also maintain the variety of distribution.

本文所作的主要工作如下：系统地介绍了遗传算法的一般流程和基本理论，并应用于一个函数优化的实例；研究了用于处理约束限制的罚函数法和约束联赛法，论述了NSGA-II的基本原理，并对其提出的快速非支配排序法、拥挤度及其比较算子、精英策略及NSGA-II的主要流程作了详细的研究；建立了火力分配问题的模型，并将NSGA-II算法分别与罚函数法和约束联赛法相结合对该模型进行了计算，实现了对两个目标的最优化；用VC++6.0编程计算后所得的结果表明，两种算法均具有很好的收敛性，同时Pareto最优解也保持了好的多样性分布。

The thesis also draw several conclusions as follows:(1) Orthogonal experiment design method can be viewed as a special case of genetic algorithm, i. e. a genetic algorithm with a fixed initial population, an oriented-mutation operator and one evolution epoch.(2) In terms of running steps, genetic algorithm is more complex than orthogonal experiment design method.

论文首次对正交试验设计法和遗传算法这两种独立发展起来的方法进行比较研究，提出(1)正交试验设计法是遗传算法的一种特例，即是一种初始种群固定的、只使用定向变异算子的、只进化一代的遗传算法；(2)遗传算法产生的优化解优于正交试验设计法产生的优化解，且遗传算法处理交互作用项的效率高于正交试验设计法；(3)遗传算法的步骤比正交试验设计法复杂，所需的试验次数也要多。

The content of our curriculum are:Optimization under unconstrained conditions and constrained conditions,we'll focus on common methods of this field like Conjugate gradient method,DFP,POWELL method,The multiplier method,Penalty Function Method and so on.

主要讲授内容为无约束条件及有约束条件下的优化设计，重点介绍了共轭梯度法，变尺度法，POWELL法，乘子法，惩罚函数法等电路优化的常用方法。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。