治理

The paper supposed that cluster governance has multi- ple governance forms including network governance,market governance and hier- archy governance.Moreover there is"Double Network"consisting of economic network and social network in the organization of industrial cluster,which induce the"Mutual Embeddedness".

本文在阐释了网络治理内涵的基础上，提出集群治理具有以网络治理为主，市场治理、层级治理为辅的多元治理模式；产业集群组织内部存在经济网络和社会网络，该"双网络"引致"互嵌"机制。

The implication that the company governs but the never same angle analyses a commercial bank: That as far as inner structure be concerned, the commercial bank company governs is that the static state framework of organization and development restrict the machine-made unification; As far as the content that the commercial bank company governs be concerned, the commercial bank company administers the govern and broad wide company of company who can be a narrow sense mark governing.

商业银行公司治理的涵义可从不同的角度分析：就内部结构而言，商业银行公司治理是静态组织结构和动态制约机制的统一；就商业银行公司治理的内容而言，商业银行公司治理又可以分为狭义的公司治理和广义的公司治理。

In a detailed historical narrative, we explain the process bringing China from the multi-principal governing model to the single-principal governing model in the Qin and Han dynasties. The bureaucratization of traders and the extinction of paladins were the main causes for this transformation.

在此基础上，通过对秦汉之际多委托人治理结构向单一委托人治理结构转变的各项特征事实的分析和模型推演，本文厘清了中国何以走上并锁定在以安全为导向的单一委托人治理形态的初始条件，认为商人的官僚化将社会资源控制力从非主流治理集团牢牢吸纳并控制在主流治理者集团之内，此举消除了各类游侠生存发展的经济基础，对游侠的打击削弱了非主流治理集团的暴力依凭，汉朝以降各大一统时代均不能形成长期独立于政权之外的有规模暴力，是新的治理竞争者不能长期存在从而打破单一委托人治理形态的重要原因。

This paper carries out study on corporate governance based on system theory, advances concept of corporate governance, analyzes and abstracts system core of corporate governance from the point of mechanism by means of study on environment energy-rank principle, running mechanism and model of corporate governance. This paper analyzes mechanism of stimulation and restraint by using game theory, verifies effect of stock right structure on efficiency of corporate governance in view of connection between capital and corporate governance, gives method of resolving optimum stock right limit of collection and deconcentration and adventure share model of blending capital, and discusses problem of entrance of stakeholders to corporate governance etc.

本论文以系统理论为基础对公司治理结构进行了研究，提出了公司治理结构系统的概念，分析提炼出了公司治理结构系统核，并通过对公司治理结构系统环境、系统能级原理和系统运行机制与模式的研究，从机制的角度分析了公司治理结构系统运行模式；运用博弈论对公司治理过程中的激励约束机制进行了分析；针对资本结构与公司治理结构的关系，运用模型验证了股权结构对公司治理效率的影响，给出了求解最佳股权集散度的方法和融资风险分担模型；探讨了利益相关者介入公司治理结构的问题等等。

The change of the rural governance in the part of the State's viewpoint, the change of economic and political institution in rural area , the adjustment of law relation among familial members , and the evolvement of the social structure all have impacts on the effectiveness of family support for the elderly and oldster's welfare.

本文以治理和善治为分析框架，在实证研究的基础上，通过对传统时期、集体化时期、后集体时期的乡村治理与老人福利变迁的历史考察和后集体时期不同区域类型的乡村治理与老人福利的差异比较，得出如下结论：(1)不同时期老人福利状况不同，并不是家庭养老模式发生了变化，而是家庭养老的制度基础发生了变化，其关键因素是支持农村社区组织控制社区经济和约束社区成员的国家意识形态、经济体制、政治制度、法律文化等方面发生了变化；(2)中国发展是不均衡的，后集体时期，我国治理农村的制度框架基本相同，都是乡政村治、分户经营，但不同的地区的老人福利也有很大的差异，其主要原因是不同区域类型的村庄有不同的社会结构，其老人的社会地位和不孝行为所受村庄公共舆论约束力不同；不同区域的乡村组织状况不同，其乡村干部保障老人福利的意愿和力度不同；(3)在现有的乡村治理模式中，选举老人特别是在村庄定居的退休干部担任村组干部，发展自治性的老年协会和开展经常性的、群体性的老年文体娱乐活动，可以提高老人福利、改善乡村治理。

The measures are as follows: improve the property diversification and enhance the effectiveness of structure governance; improve the incentive mechanism among enterprisers and cultivate a group of professional enterprisers; build up and improve all sorts of external market mechanism; strengthen the function of the board in enterprise; reinforce the authority of the supervision council; strengthen the administrative supervision; improve the system to better supervise the managers of listed companies; set up the system of shareholder representatives procedures; establish culture of the enterprise governance.

通过借鉴目前三种典型的国外公司治理模式，对我国国有企业的公司治理结构进行了实证分析，研究了我国国有资产监督管理的机制与公司治理结构，并提出了完善我国国有企业产权多元化治理结构的若干措施，包括：促进产权多元化，提高治理结构的有效性；增强董事会的功能；强化监事会权威；完善企业家激励机制，培育一支职业经理人队伍；建立和完善外部市场机制；加强行政监督力度；完善对上市公司经营者的监督体系；设立股东代表诉讼制度；建立公司治理文化等。

Then based on analysis of the characteristics and trend of the corporate governance principles of other countries and organizations,we drew a conclusion that both the corporation laws and the flexible,guidable principles on corporate governance are necessary for Chinese enterprises.

面对各国、地区、组织制定公司治理原则的热潮，在分析世界各国、组织的公司治理原则的特点和发展趋势的基础上，提出了在我国企业进入公司治理改革新阶段的时候，良好的公司治理既需要国家通过强制性的法律法规对治理结构进行规定，还需要制定与公司环境变化相适应的、具有指导性、非强制性和灵活性的公司治理原则的观点。

Urban environment harness system is organic structure of all activities of urban environment harness, which is constituted of harness goal, harness main part, harness guest body, harness means, harness origanization and corresponding information system.

城市环境治理体系是城市环境治理所有活动的有机构成，主要由治理目标、治理主体、治理客体、治理方法手段、治理组织机构和相应的信息系统等要素组成。

The dissertation begins with the investigation of the fruitful research on function of debt governance in developed countries such as UK, US, Japan and Germany, and attempts to fill some important gaps in our understanding of inefficient investment controlling function, bankruptcy threat function and function of creditor's participating in corporate governance; Second, Theoretical and empirical study is done on whether three functions of debt governance can work well in state-owned listed companies. The result shows that so far the function of debt governance can't work well as expected; Third, after examining the special institutional background of China, the dissertation argues, grounded on the research results, that the essential institutional reasons include creditors and debtors being "quasi" market participants, the "quasi-equal" debtor-creditor relationships and the "quasi" market rules; Finally, it comes to the conclusion that the fundamental methods to change the situation are to encourage the supervision of banks, to deepen the reform of state-owned companies and to fulfill the outside institutional requirements for guaranteeing the function of debt governance.

文章首先借鉴英美、日德等发达国家对债权治理功效的已有研究成果，总结归纳出负债抑制非效率投资功效、负债的破产威胁功效以及债权人直接介入公司治理功效；其次，分别对三大债权治理功效在我国国有控股上市公司中能否发挥作用进行理论解析和实证检验，研究发现，目前我国企业债权治理功效不能发挥应有的作用；再次，针对研究结论，从我国特有的制度背景出发，分析其症结，认为我国目前的债权债务双方的&准&市场主体、债权债务双方的&准&平等关系、&准&市场游戏规则是导致债权治理功效不能发挥作用的根本制度原因；最后，提出解决对策，认为增强银行的监督激励、深化国有企业的改革以及实现债权治理功效的外在制度要求是债权治理功效发挥作用的根本途径。

They can't solve moral hazard and hold-up problems, so the project finance companys need a new pattern.Secondly, the paper rescans corporate governance from the contract theory view. It uses contract theory and specialty assets theory as basic analytic tools. It takes the companys as a group of contracts and analyse corporate governance problems from the view of contract governance. So the corporate governance of project finance company is how to governance the long term contract of specialty assets.

其次，论文从契约理论的角度重新审视了项目融资公司的公司治理，将契约理论和资产专用性理论作为分析项目融资公司的基础理论分析工具，从企业是一组契约组合出发，从契约治理的角度分析公司治理问题，从而推导出公司治理就是对组成公司的契约进行治理，项目融资公司的公司治理问题就是如何对对资产专用性强的长期契约进行治理。

In the negative and interrogative forms, of course, this is identical to the non-emphatic forms.

。但是，在否定句或疑问句里，这种带有"do"的方法表达的效果却没有什么强调的意思。

Go down on one's knees;kneel down

屈膝跪下。。。下跪祈祷