河流

Nouns can be divided into common noun(for example "汽车"、"计算机"、"老师"、"字典"and so on), proper noun( for example"中国"、"毛泽东"、"《子夜》"and so on), collective noun(for example"人口"、"车辆"、"河流"and so on), and abstract noun(for example"思想"、"意识"、"能力"and so on).

名词可以分为普通名词（如"汽车"、"计算机"、"老师"、"字典"等）、专有名词（如"中国"、"毛泽东"、"《子夜》"等）、集体名词（如"人口"、"车辆"、"河流"等）和抽象名词（如"思想"、"意识"、"能力"等）。

Based on analyzing uncertainties when determining indicators system of ecosystem health assessment, an indicators system and a model for the evaluation of urban river ecosystem health was proposed. The model could offer the feasible and reliable base of decision-making for the river environment management.(4) An integrated method for land suitability evaluation based on geographic information systems under uncertainty was proposed.

运用模糊层次分析法，建立基于不确定性的模糊层次综合评价模型，并将理论应用于长沙市河流生态系统，查明城市河流的健康状态，研究结果可丰富河流生态系统健康研究理论体系，弥补当前生态系统健康与修复研究中城市河流方面的缺乏，对退化城市河流生态系统的保护和恢复起到很好的指导作用。

Band on analysis of the river system and its formation, some characteristics of the river system are expounded herein such as fluidness, green ecology, resources, hydraulic, adjustability, human culture, integrity and so on. Functions of the river system is given such as natural function, service function, humanities and landscape function and disaster characteristics.

通过分析河流系统的概念和考虑河流系统组成特点，详细地论述了河流系统的流动性、绿色生态、资源性、水能、可调控性、人文性、完整统一性等；系统地提出了河流功能的具体内容，包括自然功能、服务功能、人文景观功能和灾害性能。

The riv- er′s health status can be determined through a holistic appraisal of rivers and their surrounds.Five components of the rivers health include: water quality, aquatic life, physical form, hydrology and streamside zone.Many methods and criteria are available to assess the status of river ecosystem, and this review focuses on RIVPACS,AUSRIVAS,IBI,RCE,ISC,RHS and RHP, which are classified into the pred...

阐述了河流健康状况的内涵，尝试从理化参数、生物指标、形态结构、水文特征、河岸带状况5个方面表征河流的健康状况；并从预测模型法和多指标评价法角度对河流无脊椎动物预测和分类系统、澳大利亚河流评价计划、生物完整性指数、RCE清单、溪流状态指数、河流生态环境调查、河流健康计划等河流健康状况的评价方法进行评述；在探讨美国、英国、澳大利亚、南非等国家河流健康状况评价开展情况的基础上，指出我国迫切需要构建一套适合国情的河流健康状况评价体系，从河流健康角度评价国内主要河流的生态环境质量，并为广泛开展的河流恢复项目提供基础数据和决策依据。

A review of river management history in various countries is used in this thesis to discuss the future development trends of river management and the relationship between river health and river management.Based on the characterization and assessment of river health, Five components of stream condition are presented in this thesis to characterize river health: water quality, aquatic life, physical form, hydrology and streamside zone. It is obtained by comparing the methods and criteria that have been developed by others and reviewing the river assessment practices in various countries. Accounting for the features of urbanization region in plain river network, an indicator system for river health assessment which provides scores for 5 subindices and 17 indicators is established. With almost 200 stream reaches in Shanghai as objective of study and Liwa stream and Zhangjiabang Creek as case study, the application of river health assessment in the planning, baseline survey and post-project appraisal of river management is explored by collecting historical literature and field monitoring. Consequently, some suggestions to improve river management effectiveness are presented from the angle of river health.

本文回顾河流管理漫长历程并指出当前国际发展趋势，进而辨析河流健康状况与河流管理的关系；以河流健康状况的表征和评价为核心，通过对国外RIVPACS、AUSRIVAS、IBI、RCE、ISC等河流健康状况评价方法的分析和比较，以及对美国、英国、澳大利亚、南非等国家河流健康状况评价实践的总结，尝试从理化参数、生物指标、形态结构、水文特征、河岸带状况5个方面全面表征河流健康状况；结合中国东部平原河网地区自身特点，通过评价原则、评价指标、评价标准、评价权重确定等步骤，初步构建了包含河流水文、河流形态、河岸带状况、河流水质以及河流生物5个一级指标(共17个指标)的河流健康状况评价指标体系；在此基础上，采用资料收集与现场实测相结合的方法，以上海近200条中心河道为研究对象，以丽娃河和张家浜为典型案例，分别就河流健康状况在河流管理规划、现状评估以及后评估中的应用进行实证研究，并尝试探讨如何从这三个阶段利用河流健康状况评估改进河流管理的对策。

Headward erosion is main cause of river captrue,but it is not only; Erodeless belt is not absolute erodeless; Erosion of below river can cut through the watershed by "erosion chain" at last,Erodeless belt is not obstacle to river ...

认为，河流袭夺概念有其特定含义，河流袭夺和河流侵并两种河流兼并现象并存不悖；溯源侵蚀是河流袭夺的主因，但不是唯一原因；无冲刷带并非绝对的无冲刷，低位河的侵蚀通过&侵蚀链&最终能够切穿分水岭，无冲刷带不是河流袭夺不可逾越的障碍。

It became very common nowadays in the city river, such as the injury of the river, unsufficiency in land use of the river, and the shortage of lives and the loss of the natural scenery.

城市河流遭受不同程度地危害、城市河流用地无法保证、城市河流生物和自然景观趋于匮乏等已成为城市河流存在的普遍现象。

In river crossing of long distance pipelines,hard materials such as mortared block stones and concrete are often used in traditional construction process for restoring riverbank.

长输管道穿越河流后，针对河流岸堤的恢复，传统施工工艺多采用浆砌块石或混凝土等硬质材料，与原河道堤岸不和谐，破坏了自然河流的生物链，而生态型护岸既可防止水土流失，又可满足生态环境要求，是管道施工大开挖穿越河流后堤岸恢复的好方法。

Research on anastomosing river is in great demand of the geomorphology, hydraulic engineering and sedimentology.

网状河流作为一种新的冲积河流类型已经引起地貌学家、水利学家和沉积学家的关注，成为河流地貌领域、河流沉积领域以及河流水动力领域的研究热点之一。

Based on the data analysis and numerical simulation, the Arctic sea ice climate variability was researched, the result were as following:(1) The analysis on the seasonal cycle of the Arctic Ocean and atmosphere showed that: The seasonal surface wind is somewhat trade wind like in some regions in the Arctic. The surface air temperature is robustly determined from the underlying environments such as sea ice and Greenland glaciers. In the sea ice region the precipitation rate is larger than that of evaporation. Furthermore, the Arctic Ocean hydrology is profoundly influenced by the surrounding rivers discharge. These are the decisive factors on the ocean salinity pattern. Sea ice flux through the Fram Strait is larger in winter than in summer. From the 40s in the 20th century on, the ice volume flux has an increasing trend. The Arctic rivers flood season is about the melt period, the winter rivers discharge has a significant increasing. Correlation analysis shows that 7 to 10 years is a characteristic time scale that rivers discharge leads Fram Strait ice volume export.(2) Considering 9 major arctic rivers, the Arctic Ocean circulation was simulated through BOM. The result shows that: The BOM can reproduce the main Arctic Ocean circulation pattern. The"Islandization"which is commonly used in OGCMs to treat the North Pole, not only influences the ocean current near the pole, but also influences the current in the Northern Atlantic Ocean, thus the bogus island might influence global climate through thermohaline circulation in the Atlantic Ocean.

在资料分析和数值模拟的基础上，对北极海冰的气候变率进行了深入的研究，结果如下：(1)对北极地区大气和海洋季节循环特征的分析表明，气候平均风场在部分地区具有&信风&的性质；而气温场与海冰分布及格陵兰半岛冰原的下垫面特征有密切关系；在北极海冰区的降水量大于蒸发量，并且在全球大洋中北冰洋受到河流径流的影响最大，对北冰洋的盐度分布有决定作用；通过弗瑞姆海峡的海冰通量在冬半年大于夏半年，并且从20世纪40年代起，海冰的体积输送有增加趋势；北极河流的汛期主要在融化季节，冬季的河流流量有显著增加的趋势；相关分析表明7到10年是北极河流流量影响弗瑞姆海峡海冰体积输送的一个特征时间尺度；(2)采用BOM海洋模式对北冰洋海洋环流进行了模拟研究，在模式中考虑了北极9条主要河流的作用，结果表明该海洋模式可以较好模拟出北冰洋海洋环流的基本特征；多数大洋环流模式采用&北极岛化&的方法处理北极点，模拟结果表明&北极岛化&不仅影响到极点附近的海流，还会对相对较远的北大西洋海流造成影响，并可能通过大西洋的热盐环流对全球气候产生影响；(3)采用CSIM4海冰模式对北极海冰的气候态进行了模拟。

The absorption and distribution of chromium were studied in ryeusing nutrient culture technique and pot experiment.

采用不同浓度K2CrO4(0，0.4，0.8和1.2 mmol/L)的Hoagland营养液处理黑麦幼苗，测定铬在黑麦体内的亚细胞分布、铬化学形态及不同部位的积累。

By analyzing theory foundation of mathematical morphology in the digital image processing, researching morphology arithmetic of the binary Image, discussing two basic forms for the least structure element: dilation and erosion.

通过分析数学形态学在图像中的理论基础，研究二值图像的形态分析算法，探讨最小结构元素的两种基本形态：膨胀和腐蚀；分析了数学形态学复杂算法的基本原理，把数学形态学的部分并行处理理念引入到家实际应用中。