沉积

This dissertation draw a conclusion that the deposition of rift basin in early Neoproterozoic in eastern Guizhou consisted of three lithostratigraphic units in Xiang-Qian-Gui rift basin, not only developed typical Banxi Group, but also deposited grayish green Xiajiang Group with flysch suite in eastern Guizhou, and Danzhou group like in Northern Guangxi, by studying depositional sequences, sedimentary systems, depositional lithofacies and paleo-geography, sequence stratigraphy, event stratigraphy (analyzing the stages of volcanic events) and the stratigraphic correlation between Xiajiang group and the other Group in adjacent region and so on, on the basis of predecessors\' data and achievement in scientific research.

本文在前人资料和研究成果的基础上，通过对黔东新元古代早期沉积盆地沉积序列、沉积体系、沉积岩相古地理、层序地层、事件地层等研究以及下江群与邻区地层的对比分析，认为黔东新元古代裂谷系早期沉积涵盖了湘黔桂裂谷盆地三个岩群，不仅有典型的板溪群沉积，也有本区域的下江群灰绿色复理石沉积和桂北丹洲群的沉积存在。

The deep water deposition means the deposition in the area where the water depth is larger than 30 meters, in which the major sediments are coarse sand and gravel. This kind of deposition is the relic deposition formed by the Pleistocene alluvial-lacustine deposition reworked under modern channel currents actions, and ususally the Holocene acummulation lack in the deep waters. The transitional zone deposition is the deposition between the low tidal level line and the 30 meters isobath, where the sediment types is changeable and the grain sizes are gradually coarsening from the low tidal line to the deep water area. This kind of deposition is developed by the deep water eroded sediments sorting under the transitional zone current action. The different types distributed along the isobath. The tidal flat deposition is the fine sediment deposition on the tidal flat which is flo sedimentation of the silty clay under the tidal flat dynamic action and ususally developed fluid mud on the lower tidal flat. The channel mouth deposition is the deposition in the channel mouth area. According to the sediment types, it includes sand deposition where there are coarse sediments supply and silt deposition where there are only fine sediments surpport.

峡道深水区沉积是指水深大于30米的峡道底部沉积，它以粗颗粒砂砾石沉积为特色，是现代峡道水动力对第四纪海退时发育的冲洪积和坡积物进行改造形成的蚀余沉积，全新世沉积地层往往缺失；峡道过渡带沉积是指水深介于低潮位线至30米水深线之间发育的峡道边坡沉积，该带沉积以沉积物类型多样为特色，自低潮位线至30米水深线，沉积物粒级逐渐变粗，由粉砂质粘土逐渐递变为中粗砂，是峡道深水区沉积物经多次分选沉积而发育的，基本平行于等深线分布的条带状沉积，在岸坡较陡岸段，过渡带下部可发育重力沉积；峡道潮滩沉积是指在低潮线与海岸线之间发育的细颗粒沉积，它是粘性细颗粒泥沙在潮滩动力作用下，发生动水絮凝沉积而形成的粉砂质粘土沉积，在低潮滩可发育浮泥；峡道口门区沉积则是在峡道汇入大海或海湾时，在峡道出口水流影响所及范围的沉积，根据峡道口门区供给泥沙的特性，峡道口门区沉积有粉砂质淤泥沉积和砂质沉积两种类型。

Influenced by tectonic movement, there were no sediments in the area from Oligocene to Miocene. Appearance of marlite in the Pliocene, especially in Yaqueling region, proved localized depositing environment forming, for which there had only few amount of terrigenous matters to supply. Sedimentary facies association of alluvial fan, fan delta and inland lake appeared at the early and middle stage of lower Pleistocene, and association of fan delta and inland lake appeared at the later stage of lower Pleistocene and the early stage of middle Pleistocene. Net-veined laterite appeared at the top of lacustrine deposit, which reflected pedogenesis taking place after the end of deposition. Such evolution history proves that there had no lager river system traversing this area before the early stage of middle Pleistocene.

对于江汉盆地西缘宜昌地区来说，其沉积及古地理演化表现为：早白垩世为受天阳坪断裂控制的内陆湖泊沉积环境，沉积中心在天阳坪断裂的北侧，此时几乎不存在来自黄陵地区的水系；晚白垩世同样为受断裂控制的内陆湖盆环境，但湖盆面积扩大、断裂活动减弱，且后期出现成化湖相沉积；第三纪早期盆地由断陷盆地转变为坳陷盆地，同时石膏的出现代表了局限咸化湖盆的存在；渐新世—中新世，受构造影响，缺失该时期的沉积；上新世时在鸦鹊岭一带出现的泥灰岩沉积反映了陆源物质供应不足的局限沉积环境的存在；早更新世早中期为冲积扇—扇三角洲—内陆湖泊沉积，早更新世晚期—中更新世早期为扇三角洲—湖相沉积，后期出现沉积结束以后的网纹红土化作用。

Tectonic subsidence play dominant role in their geometric shapes, basin fillings, sequence evolution and sediment distribution in the Wushi Sag. Outline of the sequences are in shape of box-wedge or sheet-wedge and boundaries of sequences are varied from bilateral fault to monoclinal fault overlap, so that the sequences show distinct semigrabens which overlay in different ways. Seven sequences were formed in different stage of tectonic evolution. The sequence of SQ1 formed in initial rift stage and deposited alluvial sequence. Sequences SQ2-SQ4 developed in intense rift stage and sediment lacustrine sequence. Sequences SQ5-SQ7 formed in late period of rift before thermal subsidence and deposit mere and delta sediment. The place adjacent to the synsedimentary fault is the subsidence center and depocenter; meanwhile, controlling fracture migrates in horizontal made subsidence and sedimentary center of the sag changed.

构造沉降是控制层序几何形态，充填叠置方式、演化及沉积体系分布的最重要因素：凹陷由多个半地堑在不同层序发育时期以不同方式叠置联结而成；受断层控制，层序外部形态有箱状-楔形、楔形-席状披覆型，边界终止方式有双断终止型、单断终止超覆型；不同构造演化阶段层序内部充填的沉积体系各具特征，初始断陷阶段的SQ1沉积冲积层序，强烈断陷阶段的SQ2-SQ4充填湖相层序，晚期断陷阶段SQ5-SQ7内部充填浅湖和河流三角洲沉积；同沉积断层陡坡带沉降迅速、可容纳空间快速增长，是凹陷的沉积和沉降中心，断陷期主控断裂活动时间和空间的变化导致了凹陷沉积和沉降中心的迁移。

Some innovative results are listed below:1、According to the lithologic characters,lithofacies,genetic classification and the geomorphy,the Quaternary system is divided into piedmont-gully\'s and plain\'s. The piedmont-gully\'s Quaternary sediment,which is about 3～20 meters in thick,is in the western hills of the study area.The plain\'s Quaternary sediment is widely distributed in the study area,which is about 30～60meters thick and become thicker from southwest to northeast.2、The Quaternary sediments of plain can be divided into five sedimentary cycles.The Late Pleistocene series Quantan group,at the bottom of the Quaternary System,is constituted by a fluvial facies-river and lake facies sedimentary cycle. The Late Pleistocene series Jiashan group,at the middle of the Quaternary sediment, is constituted by two fluvial facies-neritic facies-river and lake facies sedimentary cycles.The Holocene series Binhai group,at the upper of the Quaternary sediment, is divided into three parts,the under layer and middle layer are constituted by two littoral facies-river and lake facies sedimentary cycles,the upper layer is constituted by paludal facies,which was deposited at the lower-lying land like West Lake, Jiangcun-Gu dang,Xianghu lake,and coastal-estuary facies in other area.3、Folding and fault activities were weak in Quaternary and the tectonic activity had little influence on the Quaternary sedimentation.The ancient landforms,the evolvement of the river system and transgression were the main elements which controlled the Quaternary sedimentation in Hangzhou.The ancient landforms formed the basis of the Quaternary sedimentation.The evolvement of the river system and transgression individually or jointly controlled the Quaternary sedimentation of this area.4、The alternation of the climate was the main reason for the evolvement of the river systems and transgression,and it\'s also the reason why the Quaternary system of Hangzhou has the special sedimentary structure which is called soft interbed with hard layers.

通过研究取得了以下成果：1、根据岩性、岩相、成因类型和地貌特点，将本区第四系划分为山麓沟谷区沉积和平原区沉积：山麓沟谷区第四系主要分布于西部丘陵地区，厚度较薄且变幅大，一般厚3～20m；平原区第四系广布分区，由南西向北东逐渐增厚，一般厚30～60m.2、平原区第四系自下而上大体由五个完整或不完整的沉积旋回构成：底部上更新统全塘组，由河流相—河湖相的沉积旋回构成；中部上更新统嘉善组，由河流相—浅海相—河湖相两个沉积旋回构成；上部全新统滨海组，其下中两段由滨海海湾相—河湖相的两个沉积旋回构成，上段由西湖、蒋村—古荡、湘湖等低洼处沉积的湖沼相和其他地区沉积的滨海河口相构成。3、第四纪以来，研究区内褶皱、断裂活动微弱，构造运动对第四系沉积的影响不大，古地形、古水系的发育、变迁和海侵是杭州市第四系沉积的主要控制因素：古地形构成了第四系沉积的基底，水系与海侵在其后的不同阶段或分别或联合的主导了区内的第四系沉积。4、水系的发育、变迁和海侵的共同原因是天气变化，正是由于第四纪以来"冷热交替"的天气特点形成了杭州市第四系"软硬互层"的特殊沉积结构。

The Es formation was divided into seven third order sequences based on the seismic, drilling and logging data, and plans deposition system plane distribution maps of different time were plotted by dominance phase principle. The lower Es4 is flood-overlake facies mainly; the upper Es4 is meandering stream and braided river delta deposition above the shore shallow lake background; in the Es3 period, the south mainly developed braided river, meandering stream delta, the northeast area main developed meandering stream delta, the middle area mainly developed semi-deep lakean d deep lake sediments. From lower Es3 to upper Es3, the delta scale gradually increased and the depositional area gradually moved to the east and the southeast; the Es2 period was dominated by shore-shallow lake sediments and widely developed braided river delta and delta deposits; the Es1 period was dominated by shore-shallow lake shoal deposits, and in the south developed meandering stream and braided river delta deposits.The lothological traps of the Shahejie group are mainly fluxoturbidite and stratum lateral pinch-out, and its formation and the distribution of the lothological trap were controlled mainly by the basin structure characteristic, palaeogeomorphology and tectonic activity and so on. It had a beneficial geological condition to develope sublacustrine slump turbidite fans in Jishan, Jiangjiadian and Wawu.

利用地震、钻井、测井等资料，将古近系沙河街组划分出7个三级层序，通过剖面沉积学分析，以优势相原则绘制不同时期各亚段沉积体系平面分布图：沙四下总体以洪水-漫湖沉积为特征，沙四上沉积时期是在滨浅湖背景之上发育了曲流河三角洲和辫状河三角洲沉积；沙三段沉积时期南部主要发育辫状河、曲流河三角洲，西北部地区发育曲流河三角洲，中部地区主要为深湖—半深湖沉积；由沙三下至沙三上，西北部三角洲规模逐渐增大，沉积范围逐渐向东、东南方向推进；沙二段沉积时期为滨浅湖沉积，在背景之上广泛发育了辫状河三角洲和三角洲沉积；沙一段以滨浅湖滩坝沉积为特征，南部发育了曲流河三角洲和辫状河三角洲沉积；沉积地层中的岩性圈闭以滑塌浊积岩岩性圈闭和地层侧向尖灭型岩性圈闭为主，其形成和分布主要受盆地结构、沉积古地貌和构造活动强度等因素控制，北部基山、南部江家店和瓦屋具有发育滑塌浊积扇的良好地质条件。

According to the theory of hierarchical description of reservoir, geological entities of different orders is described step by step in Lamadian oil-field, and the technical standards which can be convenient to manipulate is established. Otherwise 7 kinds of fine depositional models such as large-sized depositional sandbody of braided river, meandering river, low-sinuosity-straight distributary channel, crevasse channel, channel bar, subwater distrbutary channel and sandsheets are established.

中文摘要本文根据储层层次描述原理，在宏观上对喇嘛甸油田不同级次的地质实体进行了逐级描述，确立了各个技术环节便于操作的技术标准，建立了大型砂质辫状河砂体沉积、大型曲流河沉积、低弯曲-顺直型分流河道沉积、决口河道沉积、心滩沉积、水下分流河道沉积、薄层席状砂体沉积7种类型精细的沉积模型。

The adding of anatase nano-crystalline TiO_2 to the deposition solution accelerates the depositing of TiO_2 articles from the deposition solution on the silica glass fiber. A well-combined and durable TiO_2 thin film on silica glass fibers surface obtained by controlling the deposition temperature, deposition time, deposition cycles, concentration of the deposition solution, relative concentration of the deposition materials, pH value of the deposition solution. The effect of the deposition conditions, the drying conditions and the annealing treatment conditions on the surface morphology, section morphology, growth patterns, thickness of the deposited TiO_2 thin films were investigated. Growth rate and particle size of the thin films were controlled by the deposition conditions.

实验结果表明加入微量的锐钛矿型纳米TiO_2诱导晶可以使沉积液中析出的TiO_2粒子更大程度的以锐钛矿型纳米TiO_2粒子的形式析出；通过对沉积温度、沉积液中组分浓度及相对浓度、沉积溶液的pH值的调节与控制，从而控制沉积溶液中化学反应平衡的移动，研究了以上条件对沉积速率、沉积溶液中[Ti6]2–与—OH、[Ti6]2–之间的脱水聚合反应速率的影响，总结出了获得均匀致密质量较好的TiO_2薄膜的一系列实验参数，并对薄膜的生长模式进行了系统的分析研究；通过对沉积时间及沉积次数的分析，可以有效的控制TiO_2薄膜的厚度及质量；通过对薄膜的干燥条件及热处理条件的控制，可以使利用液相沉积法获得的TiO_2薄膜进一步晶化；并分析了对薄膜引起缺陷的主要原因。

The sedimentary environment divided in to fluvial deposit and lacustrine deposit. The sedimentary evolution of each depositional circle usually began with alluvial channel to fluvial deposit, and evolved into lacustrine deposit which is mainly made up of shore-shallow lake sedimentary model with relatively stirring hydrodynamic condition.

其沉积环境主要可以分为河流沉积和湖泊沉积两种类型，每一个沉积旋回都是以洪积扇到河流相沉积开始，向湖泊相沉积演化，湖泊沉积阶段主要以湖水相时动荡的滨浅湖沉积为主。

The sedimentary environment divided into fluvial deposit and lacustrine deposit. The sedimentary evolution of each depositional circle usually began with alluvial channel to fluvial deposit, and evolved into lacustrine deposit which is mainly made up of shore-shallow lake sedimentary model with relatively stirring hydrodynamic condition.

其沉积环境主要可以分为河流沉积和湖泊沉积两种类型，每一个沉积旋回都是以洪积扇到河流相沉积开始，向湖泊相沉积演化，湖泊沉积阶段主要以湖水相对动荡的滨浅湖沉积为主。

With Death guitarist Schuldiner adopting vocal duties, the band made a major impact on the scene.

随着死亡的吉他手Schuldiner接受主唱的职务，乐队在现实中树立了重要的影响。

But he could still end up breakfasting on Swiss-government issue muesli because all six are accused of nicking around 45 million pounds they should have paid to FIFA.

不过他最后仍有可能沦为瑞士政府&议事餐桌&上的一道早餐，因为这所有六个人都被指控把本应支付给国际足联的大约4500万英镑骗了个精光。