污染物

With the land use change and the enhancement of human activity, the groundwater pollution index rises from the indirect recharge area via the direct recharge area to the discharge area. The same variation happens from upper reaches to lower reaches in Daxin river basin, a typical karst area in the east of Jinan spring basin where the patterns of land use and human activity changes apparently. There is a close relationship between the groundwater and land use change and human activity.

伴随土地利用方式的改变和人类活动强度的空间变化，地下水质从间接补给区、直接补给区到泉水排泄区，单项污染指数和综合污染指数依次升高；具有典型代表性的泉域东部大辛河流域，从上游、中游到下游，地下水污染物的浓度也渐次升高，且愈往下游污染物浓度增幅愈大，显示出与土地利用方式和人类活动的密切相关性。

The sludge in SBMBR1 presented granular characteristics and settled very well. The sludge in SBMBR1was brown and the sludge flocs was smashed by the shear force due to high intensity of aeration. The sludge size decreased and the sludge flocs blended with water forming ropy solutions, and there was no distinguish interface between water and sludge. Low sludge age and high loading operation enabled the sludge in SBMBR1 keeping higher sludge activity and the MLVSS/MLSS ratio and SOUR values of SBMBR1 were higher than SBMBR2. Both in SBMBR1 and SBMBR2, there were large amount of zoogloea, bacillus, coryneform of bacteria, and pediococcus. However, in SBMBR1 there were also a lot of Protozoa like epistylis and etc. A certain amount of filamentous bacteria can also be found in SBMBR1. The biological species in SBMBR1 were much more abundant than that in SBMBR2.3. Membrane fouling on flat-sheets membrane was observed and analyzed with AFM, SEM and TEM. After the measurement of membrane surface EPS and membrane surface ETX analysis, the pollutants composition on the surface of flat-sheets membrane was calculated.

从外观观察SBMBR1反应器中的活性污泥呈浅黄色，随着运行时间的增加，污泥粒径逐步增加，SV、SVI值逐步下降，呈现出较强的颗粒特征，沉降性能良好；SBMBR2污泥呈土黄色，污泥絮体被高强度的曝气所产生的切应力所打碎，污泥粒径迅速降低，絮体较为细碎，和水相混合成均一粘稠的溶液，看不到泥水分界面；低泥龄、高负荷运行，使得SBMBR1可以保持较高的微生物活性，MLVSS/MLSS值、SOUR值均高于SBMBR2；两级反应器活性污泥中均有大量的菌胶团，长杆菌、短杆菌和球菌是构成主体，但SBMBR1活性污泥中含有大量固着型原生动物如累枝虫等，还存在着一定数量的丝状菌，生物相要比SBMBR2丰富。3、借助原子力显微镜、扫描电镜、透射电镜等手段对平板膜污染现象进行观测和分析，并通过膜表面污染物EPS测定、污染膜表面能谱分析，得出平板膜表面污染物的组成。

Through researching the mechanism of biological nitrification and denitrification and actual project application of the technology and related literature materials, the obtained results are as follows:(1) Anoxybiosis is effective to the removal of COD; after the anoxic process, BOD/COD of the outflow increases, it shows that the degradation ability of wastewater is improved; anoxybiosis is insensitive when shock loading of inflow wastewater varies greatly;(2) It is demonstrated by the operation of inoculation and cultivating that biofilm takes two weeks to succeed in cultivating on packings and the removal ratios of NH3-N and COD get 50% and 70% respectively, when gas-water ratio is 6:1, HRT is 7.3 hour, water temperature is above 15°C;(3) It is demonstrated that gas-water ratio, hydraulic loading, HRT, temperature, pH etc are important factors which influence the removal effect of pollutants, when the gas-water ratio is 6:1, hydraulic loading is about 0.38kgNH3-N/m~3.d, water temperature ranges from 15°C to 27°C, pH ranges from 7.5 to 8.0, the BIOFOR removal effect of pollutants is the best;(4) The operation indicated that, this technology has strong ability of nitrification and denitrification; it has extremely vital significance for reducing the water body eutrophication;(5) It is confirmed the feasibility and the usability of preanoxic-BIOFOR process to treat L-lactic acid production wastewater. The experiment indicated that the treatment effect of this technology is very good and also shows that the technology has many advantages, such as small volume, high treatment efficiency, good effluent quality and strong endurance to load variation, this technology is a new and economical wastewater treatment process.

通过对生物脱氮机理的研究和该组合技术的实际工程应用，并结合有关文献资料，取得如下结论：(1)预缺氧池对L-乳酸生产废水中的COD去除具有一定的效果；废水中难降解的高分子物质经过缺氧工段分解为易于氧化降解的物质，浮状有机物在水解菌的作用下，将不溶性有机物水解为溶解性物质；预缺氧池具有较强的抗冲击负荷能力；(2)BIOFOR接种挂膜过程表明：HRT为7.3h、气水比为6：1、水温保持在15℃以上，经过半个月生物膜即以形成，NH_3-N和COD的去除率分别达到50％和70％左右；(3)研究表明：气水比、水力负荷、HRT、温度、pH等是影响污染物去除效率的重要因素，在气水比为6：1，NH_3-N容积负荷为0.38kgNH_3-N／m~3·d，温度在15℃-27℃，pH在7.5-8.0之间的条件下，BIOFOR对污染物的去除效率达到最佳；(4)运行表明，该组合技术具有较强的脱氮能力，对于减少水体富营养化具有十分重要的意义；(5)经过半年多实际工程的现场调试与运行，验证了利用预缺氧—BIOFOR组合工艺处理L—乳酸生产废水的可行性和实用性，得出该组合技术具有占地面积小，处理效果好，运行费用省，耐冲击负荷能力强等优点，是一项新型、经济的污水处理技术。

A device for separating gaseous pollutants from a gas comprising an apertured plate ( 8 ) which permits the passage from below the apertured plate of the gas containing the a gaseous pollutant and wherein on the upper surface ( 12 ) of the apertured plate a layer ( 14 ) of absorption liquid is made to flow.

用于从气体中分离气态污染物的设备，包括：孔板(8)，该板允许含有气态污染物的气体从其下流过，以及在该板的上表面(12)上携带一层吸收液体的流动层(14)。

The main pollutants that cause pollution to the soil in the process of production include the enduring organic pollutants PCBs, trichlorobenzene , HCB, cadimium and arsenium .

在生产过程中造成土壤污染的主要污染物包括持久性有机污染物PCBs、1，2，4-三氯苯和六氯苯，重金属镉和砷等。

The results showed that the application of photocatalytic oxidation to the treatment of wastewater was feasible and efficient, but it was affected by the operation conditions.There existed optimum value of the dosage of catalyst, initial benzamide concentration and pH value for the photocatalytic oxidation performance.H2PO-4,Cl-, Cu2+ and Al3+ showed obvious inhibition to the photocatalytic oxidation.

结果表明，循环式浆态光催化反应器中光催化剂的用量、污染物的初始浓度和初始pH值对模拟污染物光催化降解性能的影响存在适宜值；体系中H2PO-4、Cl-、Cu2+、Al3+对其光催化降解过程有明显的抑制作用。

In order to develop a new method to study the desorption and bioavailability of hydrophobic organic chemicals in soils, a method using semi-permeable membrane device to study desorption of HOCs in soils has been set up, and assisted desorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, phenanthrene, pyrene, and benzo［a］pyrenein three different kinds of soils was studied using SPMD.

为了开发一种表征土壤中憎水性有机污染物解吸及生物有效性的新方法，建立了半透膜被动采样装置研究土壤中有机污染物解吸行为的方法，利用SPMD分析了多环芳烃菲、芘和苯并［a］芘在3种不同性质土壤中的辅助解吸行为。

It was emphasized that GB3838-2002 not only need to pay attention to the full treatment of wastewater and rainwater but also the proper disposal of treated wastewater which meet the national discharge standard GB18918-2002 but still contain significant amount of pollutants if compare with the national surface water quality standard GB3838-2002. To the brooky region of Jiang-Zhe Plain, the discharged pollutant loads still significantly exceed the environmental capacity of the receiving waters even if all treated wastewater meet the first grade B limits of GB18918-2002, and the water pollution problem still cannot be really eliminated.

通过比较分析，我国现行的城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准GB18918-2002和地面水水质标准GB3838-2002，明确提出，相对于这一区域的地面水环境质量而言，不但雨污水必须得到充分有效的净化处理，达标排放的污水中也仍然含有总量不容忽视的污染物质；对于江浙平原河网地区，即使全部城市污水都达到GB18918-2002中一级B的要求，排放的污染物负荷仍然会明显超过受纳水体的环境容量，水污染问题仍然难以真正消除；达标处理水的处置与利用问题值得特别的关注与探讨。

In some areas, the risk levels of carbon trichloride, hexachlorobutadiene, carbon tetrachloride, chlorylene, tetracarp, trichloroethane , chloroform, gammexane and other pollutants all exceed 10-4, all above the harm value of 1, and these pollutants are likely to cause risks to human health.

而少数区域的六氯乙烷、六氯丁二烯、四氯化碳、三氯乙烯、四氯乙烯、1，1，2-三氯乙烷、氯仿和六六六等污染物风险等级均大于10-4，危害商均大于1，这些污染物均能对人体健康产生风险。

Anthropogenic Tl has stronger mobility than natural Tl, so has high bioaviability and hazardless for environment. The various soil components have different ability to adsorbed Tl and mainly effected by soil pH. Thallium mobility will be enhanced with soil acidification.

土壤中不同矿物组分对铊污染物的吸附能力明显不同，土壤pH是影响其结合能力的关键因素，土壤的酸化将明显增强土壤中铊污染物的迁移活动性。

Plunder melds and run with this jewel!

掠夺melds和运行与此宝石！

My dream is to be a crazy growing tree and extend at the edge between the city and the forest.

此刻，也许正是在通往天国的路上，我体验着这白色的晕旋。