汉语

The disyllabic pitch model is obtained with the help of cubic polynomial approximation and neural network technique.

双音节音高模型是韵律调节的基础；将Kohonen自组织神经网络技术应用到音高模型的分类，并取得了较好的分类效果；（4）基于正弦模型表示的汉语语音分析与合成：将正弦模型引入到汉语的语音分析合成中来，提出了汉语的基于正弦模型表达的分析合成算法，并对在汉语普通话语音合成中的应用，包括汉语四声的变调、时长音高的调整等进行了深入的研究；对于合成音节之间的拼接问题作了探讨，并提出了自己的观点；在国内外的文献中，还没有对于该方法用于汉语语音的分析合成的应用的报道，因此是本文的主要贡献之一。

For the sake of making foreign students learn modal verb sooner and better, for the sake of increasing the efficiency of teaching Chinese as a second language and of furthermore mastering the Chinese, we analyze some common problems existed when foreign students are learning Chinese, sum up the patterns of error analysis and study the causes of forming the error, making several suggestions for teaching Chinese as a second language.This thesis is divided into seven chapters:Chapter one: Point out the motives and significance of selective subject, the scope of research and theory and method have been used in this thesis.

因此，为了使留学生更快更好地掌握汉语的能愿动词，为了提高对外汉语教学的效率，从而使留学生熟练地掌握汉语，我们从对外汉语教学的角度考察了外国留学生在学习汉语能愿动词时常常出现的一些问题，总结了偏误类型，探求了出现这些偏误的原因，进而提出了几点教学建议。

Her research has attempted to transcend the many theoretically solid linguistic descriptions now available for individual Chinese dialects by going one step further in taking a macroscopic or bird's-eye view of Sinitic languages to analyse their shared and distinct features, in terms of major syntactic construction types.

1990年以来，曹茜蕾教授同其他研究者一起致力于开拓汉语类型学和汉语方言语法对比描写，旨在探索汉语方言的多样性。她的研究一直努力超越现有诸多对汉语个体方言的描述，而是更进一步，以主要句法结构分析为基础，采用一种宏观的鸟瞰视角来分析汉语方言的共性和个性特点。

Second, From the internal comparison of linzhang dialect,I find that the difference from east to west is smaller and the difference is larger from south to north ,particularly the southern Zhanghe is affected by vicinity dialects, the tail is abundant and the suffixation of the northen Zhanghe is increasing under the influence of the Standard Chinese. The exterior comparison includes the comparison of the linzhang dialect vocabulary to that of the vicinity and that of the Standard Chinese. The comparison with the vicinity dialects reveals the ralationship of the Linzhang dialects with the vicinity dialects and inquire into its reason. Third, Through the comparison between the dialect and the Standard Chinese from the aspects of sallable, morpheme,affixation, I reveal the vocabulary-made characteristics of the Linzhang dialect---- to have abundant affix. Last, we divide the vocabulary in the Linzhang dialect into the Ancient Chinese words,the Medieval Chinese words,the Modern Chinese words,the Modern Chinese words by the historical view.

漳河北受普通话影响比较大，儿化现象比较突出；外部比较主要通过临漳与周围县，如安阳、魏县、磁县、成安县等，方言词汇的比较以及与普通话词汇的比较，揭示了临漳方言与周围县方言的亲疏关系，并探讨了其原因； 3、临漳方言词汇的构词特点，主要从构词的角度，从音节、语素、附加式构成几个方面与普通话进行了比较，突出了临漳方言词汇词缀构词的特点； 4、临漳方言词汇的历史层次是从汉语史的角度对词汇进行的分类研究，从词汇产生的时代划分出上古汉语词汇、中古汉语词汇、近代汉语词汇以及现代汉语词汇。

Perfect aspectual operator, experience aspectual operator, progressive aspectual operator, and short aspectual operator are veridical operators;⑵Chinese PPIs can be license d by veridical operators;⑶PPIs and NPIs in Mandarin Chinese distribute symmetrically and are unified underveridical contexts.

本论文从汉语时态的角度，对汉语中的时态算子对汉语正极项的允准进行了初步的研究；并试图证明以下三个问题：⑴汉语中的时态算子：完成态算子，经历态算子，进行态算子，及短暂态算子为真实性算子；⑵汉语中的正极项能够被真实性算子允准；⑶汉语中的正极项与负极项呈对称性分布，并统一于真实性语境。

This paper gets the following conclusions through analysis: I The differences of anaphoric and cataphoric reference in English and Chinese are: The use frequency of pronouns in English is much higher than in Chinese; Zero anaphor is a unique coreference form in Chinese text; Cataphoric reference occurs less frequently than anaphoric reference, therefore it is always explained as exceptional cases with communicative motivition or means to strengthen stylistic effect.

在英语语篇中的使用频率远高于在汉语中的使用；汉语所特有的英语中缺乏的指同形式——零照应为汉语语篇中的一大显著特征；反指在文章中的出现频率远远低于前指，因而反指被解释为含有交际动机的例外现象，或为加强文体效果而存在的手段，这一点是英汉文章中反指的共同现象，而汉语区别英语之处在于汉语中大量出现的零反指现象，这一现象可以用来解释英语为形合语言而汉语为意合语言。

It is undeniable fact that translationhas caused changes in Chinese,but such changes are subject to limitations due to thefact that there exist two forces competing and interacting with each other:on the onehand,Europeanized grammar,as an external force,triggered changes in variousaspects of Chinese ranging from vocabulary,grammar,to discourse;on the other hand,the intrinsic rules of Chinese constantly govern the changes resulted fromEuropeanization,absorbing which can be fitted in and rejecting which can\'t.

翻译对汉语造成了影响固然是事实，但这种影响并非无所不及，在翻译欧化汉语的过程中，始终存在着两种相互掣肘的力量：一方面，欧化作为一种外力，影响着汉语从词汇、到语法、再到篇章的方方面面；而与此同时，汉语自身的规律也在不停地规约着欧化带来的种种语言变化，吸纳可以吸纳的，排斥不能融入的，这两种力量的角逐最终决定了汉语欧化既是可能的，同样也是有限度的。

However, there is no such restriction on the transformational forms, such as the Dative Construction in English and the sentence marked by "ba" in Chinese. The differences are: Chinese DOC has a more wide-ranging scope; Some verbs used in the Chinese DOC sentences are inherently one or two-place, but verbs used in the English DOC is at least inherently two-place, can't be one-place; some verbs bearing the same meaning can construct a DOC sentence in Chinese but not in English, and vice versa; there are differences on the form, the position and the ellipsis of the double objects; there are differences on the passive form of the DOC in both languages.

其不同点有：汉语的双宾结构范围更广；汉语中有的动词可能是一价或二价，但英语中的动词起码是二价，不可能是一价；有些具有相同意思的动词在汉语中可以构成双宾结构，在英语中则不能；反之亦然；在英汉语中，间接宾语和直接宾语的构成、省略及位置上都存在差异；英汉语的双宾结构的被动式形式存在差异。

The pronoun 我们 is an indirect object and the noun 汉语 Chinese is a direct object.

代词&我们&是间接宾语，名词&汉语&是直接宾语。

They are: Douala Chinese teaching point, Higher Teachers' Training college of Maroua, Higher Teachers College at the University of Yaoundé I, Chinese teaching point at the University of Yaoundé II, Chinese teaching point at the University of Buea.

2009年，学院一共成立了5个汉语教学点：杜阿拉汉语教学点、马鲁瓦大学师范学院汉语教学点、雅温得第一大学高等师范学院汉语教学点、雅二大主校区汉语教学点、博雅大学汉语教学点。2009年下半年喀麦隆学习汉语的学生人数将超过2500人。

By the time of its fall, most of the prisoners were writers who had written against the corruptions of the government.

到它被攻陷的时候，里面多数的犯人是写了反对政府贪污文章的作家。

The most obvious variation to ovum morphological character was that the color was changed from light green to sepiaceous in embryonic development, and all the ovums were almost hatched after 96h.

在胚胎发育过程中卵的形态特征最明显的变化是颜色从淡绿到深褐色，卵在发育96h后卵基本全部孵化。