汉萨同盟

Points total Kazan and Astrakhan Riurik Hanseatic League Vasily Shuisky Forbidden Year Soul Tax Fall of Constantinople Schism Dmitri Donskoi Great Horde Essay Questions Answer three of the following.

评估其历史前后的脉络与在俄罗斯历史中的重要性(占24分)喀山与阿斯特拉罕留里克家族汉萨同盟注：汉萨同盟是11世纪由波罗的海和北海的沿岸城市发起组成的一个自由而松散的商业联盟。

Although the parliament passes some acts about the activities of the domestic industry and commerce and the abroad trade, Edward has to take the Italians as his business agents of imports and exports, and the English businessmen are faced with a lot of difficulties because the businessmen of Italy and the Hanse enjoy some political and economical privileges in England, which consequently harms the political and economical interests of the English themselves. In the later period of the 15th century some of the movements of exclusionism take place in London, Southampton, Bristol, etc.

虽然爱德华统治时期英国颁布了一些推动国内工商业和海外贸易活动发展的法案，他不得不依赖意大利商人从事进出口贸易业务，在英国享有特权的汉萨同盟商人依然损害着英国人的政治经济利益。15世纪后期，伦敦、布里斯托尔、南安普顿爆发的排外运动，反映了英格兰民族意识的觉醒和民族精神的高涨。

Had accelerated the forming of THE LEAGUE OF HANSA.

神圣罗马帝国的衰落，莱茵同盟的建立以及海盗的猖獗，促使汉萨同盟的最终形成。

THE LEAGUE OF HANSA was forming during the expanding and colonization of Norman .

汉萨同盟是日耳曼人向东扩张和殖民过程中形成的。

THE LEAGUE OF HANSA played important role in medieval history, The history of hansa is 428 years0 There is few research on THE LEAGUE OF HANSA China and abroad.

汉萨同盟在历史上存在时间长达428年，在中世纪史上占有重要的地位。

A city of central Germany on the Saale River west-northwest of Leipzig. First mentioned in the ninth century, it was an important member of the Hanseatic League in the Middle Ages.

哈雷德国中部一城市，位于萨尔河畔，莱比锡西北偏北处的一座城市。9世纪时第一次被提及，中世纪时是汉萨同盟的一个重要成员。

It describes Hanseatic League's formation and prosperity, including the definition of the League, organizational structure, etc., and presumes that the powerful League is the resorts of its merchants entering into England and engaging in commercial activities. On the other hand, in England, during 13 to 15 century, because of the burden of "the Hundred Years War", the force of state had weakening; the level of economy seems relative low, which give Hanseatic merchants a huge space to engaged in commercial activities in England.

叙述汉萨同盟的形成和繁荣情况，包括同盟的定义、组织结构、分布范围，认为汉萨同盟的强大是其商人能进入英国从事商业活动的力量凭靠；而13至15世纪的英国，由于"百年战争"，英国的国家力量出现弱化，而经济在横向对比中又显得相对落后，这就为汉萨商人提供了从事商业活动的巨大空间。

Hanseatic League was one of the important business alliances in the economic history of medieval Western Europe. In order to achieve the maximum economic benefits, the merchants of the league launched extensive activities in the western and northern Europe. And England, as the economic lags behind in the course from the Middle Ages to the modern times, had to struggle against or to compromise with Hanseatic League when it encountered the League.

汉萨同盟是西欧中世纪经济史上重要的商业同盟之一，他们为了实现经济利益的最大化，在西北欧地区广泛的展开活动；而英国作为从中世纪的经济落后者成长为世界近代化的领跑者，在同汉萨同盟的交往过程中充满了妥协与斗争。

From the mid-13th century this cooperation became much more extensive and regularized, and by 1265 all the north german towns having the "law of l beck" had agreed on common legislation for the defense of merchants and their goods. in the 1270s a l beck-hamburg association that had acquired trading privileges in flanders and england united with its rival rhenish counterpart, and in the 1280s this confederation of german merchants trading in the west was closely joined to the association trading in the baltic, thus creating the hanseatic league.

到1265年，所有采用了"卢卑克法"的北德城镇在保护商亻及其货物的立法仩达成了一致。13世纪70年代，卢卑克-汉堡同盟联合莱茵兰的竞争对手取得了在佛兰德斯和英格兰的贸易特权，到13世纪80年代，这一在西方从事贸易活动的德慖商亻联盟加入了啵罗的海商贸协会，汉萨同盟应运而生。

It describes Hanseatic League's formation and prosperity, including the definition of the League, organizational structure, etc., and presumes that the powerful League is the resorts of its merchants entering into England and engaging in commercial activities. On the other hand, in England, during 13 to 15 century, because of the burden of "the Hundred Years War", the force of state had weakening; the level of economy seems relative low, which give Hanseatic merchants a huge space to engaged in commercial activities in England.

叙述汉萨同盟的形成和繁荣情况，包括同盟的定义、组织结构、分布范围，认为汉萨同盟的强大是其商人能进入英国从事商业活动的力量凭靠；而13至15世纪的英国，由于&百年战争&，英国的国家力量出现弱化，而经济在横向对比中又显得相对落后，这就为汉萨商人提供了从事商业活动的巨大空间。

For a big chunk of credit-card losses; the number of filings (and thus charge-off rates) would be rising again, whether

年美国个人破产法的一个改动使得破产登记急速下降，而后引起了信用卡大规模的亏损。

Eph. 4:23 And that you be renewed in the spirit of your mind

弗四23 而在你们心思的灵里得以更新