求解过程

Main contributions and achievements are as follows:A general non-equilibrium rigorous model for RDP is developed in this thesis. Based on the pseudo-homogenous assumption, two main factors reaction and separation are de-coupled, and an RDP model with the same format as that for a traditional distillation process is established. To solve the model with a large number of algebraic equations, modified M-K equations with tri-diagonal matrix form are developed based on the improved Separation Efficiency Functions, which greatly increases the iteration efficiency. This thesis also develops a general reactive distillation dynamic model. Through splitting of the differential variables based on SEFS, large-scaled differential algebraic equations can be solved with the improved Gear's algorithm which makes the dynamic model suitable for the on-line application. A simulation platform for the control loop design and evaluation of RDP by introducing control system equations into the dynamic model is also developed.A lactic acid purification pilot-scale RDP is investigated.

论文对热点问题——反应精馏过程的建模与优化控制相关技术进行了深入的研究，取得了一系列成果：1、建立了反应精馏过程机理模型，基于拟均相假设，将反应和分离过程进行解耦，推导出反应精馏过程的非平衡级稳态模型和动态模型，通过引入推广的分离效率函数，对模型变量进行了合理划分，显著提高了模型求解效率；将动态模型和控制系统方程结合，建立了反应精馏过程控制系统研究的辅助工具。2、全面分析了乳酸提纯反应精馏新工艺试验装置，利用本文建立的过程机理模型，对该试验装置进行了稳态和动态性能分析及水力学核算；设计和分析了单边质量控制方案，比较了间接和直接物料平衡控制两种方案的控制性能。

For another, reduced-space approaches allow to exploit problem-dependent structure and approximate second derivative information.

简约空间方法适合过程系统优化命题的高维、低自由度特征，并可利用问题结构和近似二阶信息求解，是该类优化命题的良好求解途径。

And the energy balance equation is applied to describe the temperature field axial orientated.

对流道的径向瞬态温度场分布进行差分求解，对流道轴向的温度分布运用能量平衡方程建立数学模型，并采用松弛迭代求解；最后，考虑流动和冷却过程的温度场分布，对流道径向和轴向温度场的计算结果进行了耦合分析，解决了长期以来只能依靠经验计算热流道温度场的局限。

The nonlinear stability of three-dimensional disturbances for the Blasius boundary layers is studied. We adopted here the high accuracy method of using the expansions in orthogonal functions along the normal direction and the effective algebraic mapping to deal with the problem in the infinite region. The initial solutions of two-dimensional harmonic waves are given by Landau expansion, and the mean-flow-distortion is calculated by the approximation equation.

运用Landau展开给出了二维谐波的初始解、通过求解线性PSE而得到TS波和C型亚谐扰动的初始站值、以及近似地模拟初始站的均流变形值，以此为初始条件，并结合迭代-预估校正方法来实现非线性PSE的求解和推进，详细地研究了非平行边界层三维扰动C型失稳过程。

Spectral element methods for partial differencial equation is introduced in this study from viewpoint of the collocation approximation of Chebyshev polynomial. Wave Equation and its space discretization are deduced. Two time integral methods, central difference method and implicit Newmark method, are introduced, and their stability and applicability are also discussed in some details. The significance of absorbing boundary conditions in spectral element methods for Aeroacoustics is explained, and Clayton-Engquist-Majda absorbing boundary conditions is emphasized and introduced, then the discrete scheme of this boundary conditions is deduced and applied to spectral element methods for wave equation.

本文从Chebyshev多项式逼近理论出发，详细介绍了谱元方法求解偏微分方程的过程；推导了流体中的声波动方程并在空间上对其进行了谱元离散；详细讨论了两种时间积分方法──中心差分法和Newmark方法，分析了它们的稳定性条件，并从理论上对比了两种方法的优缺点和适用范围；将吸收边界条件推广应用于谱元方法求解气动声学问题中，重点介绍了Clayton-Engquist-Majda吸收边界条件的原理和公式，推导了该吸收边界条件的变分形式，并将其引入波动方程的离散形式中。

But ECT technology has the following characteristics: 1 the measured capacitance and its change induced by the measured material concentration variation are very small, but the stray capacitances of co-axial screening cable and CMOS switches are relative very large, so the capacitance detecting is easily affected by the stray capacitances, 2 the electric fields in the sensors detecting region is affected by the permittivity distribution, non-uniformity of the space responsive sensitivity is very high, and the image reconstruction is undetermined.

但由于ECT技术中，首先所检测的微电容量及其因物流相含率的变化所引起的变化量很小，而由相关的连接同轴屏蔽电缆与切换CMOS开关所引入的杂散电容远远大于测量电容，微电容的测量容易受杂散电容等的影响；其次，多电极电容传感器测量区内的电场受介质分布的影响，且测量区内的空间响应灵敏度极不均衡，其影响图像重建的不确定性；其三，ECT中的图像重建，由于其是一个欠定问题的求解，在迭代求解方法中，迭代的初值影响迭代过程收敛到近似解的速度；其四，对于气/固两相流应用而言，由于ECT系统在线标定的难以实现，管壁磨损等因素的影响制约该技术应用于生产工艺中气/固两相流的长期连续检测。

The technology of error compensation based on Multi-Body system and the design method of cam machining were combined together.

针对精密凸轮加工中存在的精度问题，推导出凸轮磨削中的理想砂轮中心包络线的求解方程，进而将基于多体系统理论的误差补偿技术与凸轮加工设计方法相结合，研究了理想数控指令的生成方法、砂轮轮廓误差的计算方法、精密数控指令和逆变凸轮廓型的求解算法，在此基础上，开发出凸轮精密磨削过程的误差补偿与动态仿真分析软件。

Parametric evaluation function can condense the complicated multi-objective and multi-constrait problem into a single-objective unconstrained problem, then solved with conjugate gradient method.The parametric evaluation function method decreases the optimization difficulty,and makes the solution away from the boundary of feasible region during the optimization process,which makes all the objectives optimized simultaneously.

参数评价函数把复杂的多目标多约束优化问题转化为单目标无约束问题，然后用共轭梯度法进行求解，不但降低了求解难度，而且使得在优化过程中其解远离可行域的边界，保证了对多目标中所有目标同时进行优化。

Computer simulation results show that a continuous surface obtained from a group of discrete data of a reference defect can be used to determine the approximate shape of an unknown defect.

求解正问题的各种方法不仅可用于研究影响红外探测精度的各种因素，而且它们在求解反问题及处理噪声的过程中也是必不可少的。

To solve the s-process network equation under general conditions and to create the corresponding computation code, 2.The input data base, 3. The neutron source of s-process and the neutron number density, 4. Combining the s-process heavy elements network and neutron source with the astrophysical site.

研究的内容主要是以下几个方面的问题：1、一般情况下的s－过程核反应网络方程的求解及相应计算程序的建立；2、输入数据库的建立；3、s－过程中子源问题的研究，中子数密度的计算；4、将s－过程重元素核反应网络、中子源研究与发生s－过程的天体环境结合起来。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。