求解

The numerical algorithm based on theories of projecting and Laguerre,such as homology,circular points and ω of absolute conic is established,an iterative elimination method is applied to boost the nonlinear problem solving.

通过调和射影及Laguerre定理的推论求解出平面圆环点的共轭虚像，利用平行六面体照片存在的三对圆环点的虚像，构造对无穷远平面绝对二次曲线的像ω的约束，使用辗转相除法求解非线性问题。

The main idea behind these methods is to take advantage of the known state variables and the theorem of addition for linear system without building up a new Jacobian matrix again. But the equivalent computation of algebraic equation must be performed to get state variables corrections. Accordingly, the speed required to model the contingencies is not fast enough to meet the demand of fast contingency analysis under emergency condition, which is proved by several well-known blackouts caused by flow transferring.

但是，这些算法中的大多数是在实时潮流计算的基础上，利用其中间结果和线性系统的叠加原理，直接求解出事故后的状态变量，都需要通过网络方程求解整个网络状态变量的增量，计算量较大，难于满足紧急状态下快速安全性评估的实时性要求，国内外一系列因静态潮流问题引起的大停电事故就是例证。

The Frechet derivative of the cost function is determined via the solution of an adjoint partial differential equation, and the boundary shape is then modified in a direction of descent. This process is repeated until an optimum solution is approached. The advantage is that the cost function variation is independent of the flow field variation, with the result that the gradient of cost function with respect to arbitrary number of design variables can be determined without the need for additional flow-field evaluations. So each design cycle requires the numerical solution of both the flow and the adjoint equations leading to a computational cost roughly equal to the cost of two flow solutions.

虽然他们的研究成果大多数都可以在公开性文献上看到，但是其中一些具体的细节问题的处理方法却没有透露，比如：伴随方程如何离散求解才能减小最终梯度计算中的误差，使得设计过程有效地进行；伴随方程与流动方程的边界条件是不同的，如何合理地处理伴随方程的边界条件，才能推动设计过程朝着设计目标而发展；在减阻问题中目标函数如何定义，求解梯度的具体数学公式如何推导，如何通过数值方法来实现它们等。

The optimal control law obtained consists of linear analytic functions and a compensation term which is a series sum of the adjoint vectors. The analytic functions can be found by solving a Riccati matrix difference equation and a matrix difference equation. The compensation term can be obtained by a recursion formula that solves adjoint vector equations.

得到的最优输出跟踪控制律由状态向量的线性解析函数和伴随向量级数形式的补偿项组成，其解析函数由一次性求解Riccati矩阵差分方程和矩阵差分方程得到，补偿项由求解伴随向量差分方程的递推公式得到。

The model was solved by the Ritz method, and the orthogonal polynomials generated by the Gram-Schmidt process were employed as admissible function for both disk and blades. With this approach, the matrix derived from kinetic energies becomes diagonal and numerical manipulation can become easy and stable.

采用Gram-Schmidt方法生成正交多项式作为李兹容许函数进行模型的离散化，简化了所得到的频率方程求解过程，有利於求解过程的数值稳定性，并可方便地通过对方程系数性质的分析了解结构振动模态的性质。

Aiming at the shortage of traditional numerical methods, the Adomian Decomposition Method is introduced to solve the nonlinear model equations in reaction engineering. ADM can give the approximate analytical solutions in a form of algebraic expressions for nonlinear equations.

针对传统数值求解方法存在的不足，将Adomian分解法(Adomian Decomposition Method，ADM)引入到反应工程非线性数模求解中，可给出非线性数模逼近解析解的代数表达式。

A generalized mathematical model was developed to describe the distribution of over-potential.Dimensionless variables μ and ω that characterize the polarization and influence of side electrode reaction in the system,were derived from modeling.Adomian's decomposition methodADM）was used to solve the nonlinear differential equation of the model to obtain an approximate analytical solution,which was in the form of algebraic expressions of infinite power series.By the solution,the relationship between over-potential distribution and average selectivity could be easily calculated without solving the nonlinear model time and again.

建立了描述超电势分布的普遍化数学模型，归纳出表征电极极化和副反应影响的量纲1数μ和ω，并用ADM（Adomian's decomposition method）对该非线性微分方程模型求解；所获得的逼近解代数表达式，可方便地计算不同参数下超电势分布对平均选择性的影响，而毋需反复求解模型微分方程。

A C++ program is developed for composing the stiffness matrix of the temperature field, saving it in changing bandwidth method and calculating the linear algebraic function group through using the Gauss eliminating method. A module for drawing the color fringe of tire temperature field is created, which makes the result more visual. Taking the 9.00-20 cross-ply tire on CA1092 as an example, the finite element numerical simulation analysis of automobile tire 2-D steady temperature field is completed. Through comparing the result with the analysis data by ANSYS, this software is proved to be capable of the modeling, calculating and post-processing of FEA of automobile tire 2-D steady temperature field.

采用C++语言完成了温度刚度矩阵的总体合成及其一维变带宽存贮，以及线性代数方程组高斯消去法求解等工作，采用C++语言实现了汽车轮胎二维稳态温度场云纹图的绘制，使得计算结果更加直观，也更能形象地显示汽车轮胎二维稳态温度场的分布状况，以CA1092（原CA142）五吨载货汽车用9.00-20尼龙斜交胎为例，进行了汽车轮胎二维稳态温度场有限元数值仿真分析，通过与ANSYS分析结果进行比较，说明所开发的有限元建模、求解以及后处理软件能够用于汽车轮胎二维稳态温度场有限元分析。

Finally the numerical results are presented to confirm the effectiveness of Gauss-Seidel parallelized with alternate tiling method,specifically compared with owner-computing and red-black Gauss-Seidel methods,and show that the new parallel iterative method has better parallel efficiency as well as scalability.

许多物理应用问题的求解都归结为求微分方程数值解，其核心是高效地求解线性方程组，GS(Gauss一Seidel)和SOR迭代算法以其高效性和实现简单的特性成为大型线性方程组求解的重要算法，并且常用作非定常迭代算法的高效预条件子，是许多应用软件的核心算法之一。在并行处理系统

During the calculation of the early age temperature field, the early age physical and mechanical performance of concrete varies with its age, therefore in the second chapter we discuss the early age physical and mechanical performance of concrete and its development regulation with time, we emphasize elastic module and the development about the early age strength of concrete varying with time, at the same time consider the effect of shrink and creep upon the early age of concrete, in succession discuss how to confirm the physical parameter of thermodynamics of concrete.

之后讨论了混凝土的热物理参数的确定。为了能够正确合理的应用有限元方法求解早期混凝土温度场问题，第三章论述了求解温度场的有限元方法。第三章首先对热传导的微分方程作了阐述。之后确定温度场的边界条件。本章采用变分原理推导有限单元法计算温度场的公式。因此在第二小节叙述了变分原理，然后阐明了不稳定温度场的计算的三种方法，确定第四章分析中将采用向后差分法求解0#箱梁早期的温度场。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。