水质污染

The core issue of nutrient control was focused and the dynamic studies on phosphorus pollution of the whole watershed were conduced: 1 to highlight the non-point source pollution control, which is the difficulties research subject of water resource protection; 2 to perfect the calculation method for phosphate input and output, providing important basis on decision making for nutrient control; 3 to establish database and water quality model, to predict the water quality response after different phosphorus control schemes realized; 4 to determine admissible phosphorus loading and control standard according to the quantitative relationship between the external force function (mainly the exotic nutrient salt concentration or loading) and internal nutrient state response, and to work out the effective and practical techniques for eutrophication control.

围绕营养盐控制的核心问题，进行全流域范围磷污染的动态研究：1）突出了目前我国水资源保护研究难点—非点源污染控制；2）完善了流域水库磷盐收支计算方法，为流域营养盐控制决策提供了重要依据；3）建立数据库和水质模型，预测了在实施不同磷削减控制方案后流域供水水质的响应情况；4）根据湖泊外力函数（主要是外来营养盐浓度或负荷）与湖库内营养状态响应间的定量关系，确定了磷允许负荷量及控制标准，提出了有效的富营养化控制实用技术。

The results show that:(1) the overall water quality in the Xiangjiang River had become worse during the 1990s and the main pollutants which caused aggravating pollution were total coliforms, total phosphorus, petroleum and total hydrargyrum ;(2) the main pollution sources were living pollution, which increased evidently in recent years, and industry pollution, of which heavy metal pollution is evident;(3) among the mainstream of the Xiangjiang River , river sections in Zhuzhou, Xiangtan and Changsha suffered from the most serious pollution;(4) it is forecasted that living pollution and agriculture pollution will become more serious in the future.

结果表明：湘江总体水质在20世纪90年代呈恶化趋势，致使污染加剧的主要因子是总大肠菌群、总磷、石油类和总汞；主要污染源为工业污染和生活废水污染，近年来生活废水污染日益突出，工业污染中重金属污染明显；在干流不同河段中，株洲、湘潭和长沙河段污染最为严重；估计未来湘江的生活污染和农业污染还会加剧。

The H value was calculated to be 0.246 using Shannon-Wiener diversity index method.By aquatic reservoir evaluation criteria, combined with the type and density of zooplankton,it could be clearly determined that the water quality was seriously polluted and eutrophic.4.Comprehensive assessment of water quality:Affected by the influxion of sewage, slow flow velocity,high contents of nitrogen and phosphorus,the quantities of both zooplankton and phytoplankton at 1st point were relatively high,with the appearance of various indicator species of water pollution.

计算Shannon-Wiener多样性指数法得出H值为0.246，通过水库水生生物评价标准，结合浮游动物种类和密度，可以很清楚判定水质为污染严重，已经呈富营养化。4水质综合评价：排污口1号采样点受生活污水的大量排入的影响，且水流流速缓慢，水中氮磷含量高，因而浮游动物和浮游藻类数量都很高，而且出现很多污染生物指示种，综合分析该水层水质属污染严重的富营养化。

According to basic analytical methods of environmental quality standards for surface water in China(GB3838-2002),we used the 2002-2006 monitoring data to evaluate and characterize water quality condition of Lanzhou reach of Yellow river,based on the Nemerow index and variance analysis of the mean square deviation.

根据2002-2006年黄河兰州段水质监测数据，按照《地表水环境质量标准》GB3838-2002中Ⅲ类水质标准，确定污染物的污染程度，选用内梅罗水污染指数法，运用方差分析，对黄河兰州段水质现状进行评价分析，结果表明：(1)黄河兰州段水体的主要污染物是粪大肠菌群和总氮；(2)大量未经处理的生活污水排放是黄河兰州段的主要污染源；(3)针对黄河兰州段生活污水污染现状，提出源头治污思路。

When it comes to the control of water pollution and water quality melioration, it is important to evaluate the water quality objectively, so the aim of this paper is to evaluate total nitrogen and total phosphorus in the Chaohu Lake and to reflect the water eutrophication level in it.

目的 客观评价巢湖的氮、磷污染水平，正确反映该湖的富营养化程度，为该湖的水体污染控制及水质改善工程及同类湖泊的水质评价提供参考。

On that basis,the authors used the single-factor assessment method and multi-factor assessment method(comprehensive pollution index and Nemeron pollution index)to assess the data of groundwater pollution by this refuse landfill site.

结果表明，该垃圾场对地下水的污染极其严重：综合污染指数可达到59；单项污染组分如NO2-、NH4+、COD等普遍比参照值高出几十倍，致癌物质NO2-则高出340多倍。从水质的角度看，地下水中有的污染物(NO2-、NH4+、COD)已经超出地下水Ⅲ类水质标准数十倍甚至100多倍，到了不能饮用的程度。

With the aggravation of organic pollution of the drinking water source and the improvement of the water-quality standards, the conventional treatment craft of drinking water used in most of water plants in China can't remove the organic pollutant effectively to satisfy people's demand in the water quality. Consequently, permanganate preoxidation technic and mineral materials are combined with coagulation to removing the organic pollutant of drinking water further, so that to solve the increasing contradiction between the aggravation of organic pollution of the drinking water source and the striction of the water-quality standards.

随着饮用水源有机污染的日益加重以及饮用水水质标准的不断提高，我国大多数水厂所采用的传统处理工艺不能有效地去除有机污染物，从而对饮用水水质产生一定的影响，因此，引入高锰酸钾预氧化技术和矿物吸附材料，从而强化去除饮用水中的有机污染物，以解决水源有机污染日益严重与饮用水水质标准日趋严格之间的矛盾。

Analysis of circuit breaker restriking overvoltage for VAR compensation devices and protection measures ;2. Investigation and Analysis on natural vegetation protection measures and its effect in the Erjina Banner of the lower Heihe River;3. Some practical protection measures are put forward.

简述了柴河水库水源涵养对保护水源水质、改善水质的作用；针对柴河水库水源涵养区氮磷污染、面源污染和生态破坏等存在的主要环境问题，提出了可操作性较强的保护措施。

Based on the water environment spatial data mining and visualization method, the paper presents these main characteristics and innovations:①Measurement of contamination fluxes:A scene-based research strategy is proposed:measurement /water quality analysis→flow field simulation→contamination transformation rule→fluxes scene simulation→temporal-spatial rule analysis.②Serial numerical models of water environment in the Qiantang River:The controlled equations of the flow field model of the main river,united controlled equations of the main contamination fluxes and water quality prediction model at emergent time are set up.③GIS-based water quality and contamination fluxes decision-making assistance system:A water environment database has been set up;based on MapX and C#.net platform,a system has been developed to facilitate visual inquiry,decision-making and graphics export.

本文基于水环境空间数据挖掘与可视化的研究方法与体系，研究中的主要特色与创新点为：①河流污染物通量测算的技术与方法：提出了基于工况测量/水质分析→流场模拟→污染规律解析→通量情景模拟→时空规律分析的研究方案；②钱塘江水环境模拟系列数学模型：建立了钱塘江干流研究区域流场数学模型的控制方程、主要污染物通量模型的联合控制方程、突发污染事故水质预报模型的基本方程；③基于GIS的水质预报与污染物通量决策支持系统的研发：建立水环境时空数据库，基于MapX和C#。net平台进行系统的构建与开发，为研究的系列成果提供可视化的查询、决策与图形输出。

Coil, Fe, Ni and Zn in spatial variation are identified and the correct assignations are 90.65% for three cluster sites; and (4) based on spatial variations in water quality, it is possible to optimize the monitoring strategy in future with only one of 3 sampling sites and seven discriminant parameters, which can decrease the number of sampling stations and corresponding costs.

coil， Fe， Ni和Zn）可以反映整体水质的空间差异性，且具有90.65%的正确判别能力；④归纳起来，从3类采样点中选择一个或多个、监测7个显著性污染指标即可全面反映后海湾水质管制区的水质空间特征，实现水质监测网络优化。

However, as the name（read－only memory）implies, CD disks cannot be written onorchanged in any way.

然而，正如其名字所指出的那样，CD盘不能写，也不能用任何方式改变其内容。

Galvanizes steel pallet is mainly export which suits standard packing of European Union, the North America. galvanizes steel pallet is suitable to heavy rack. Pallet surface can design plate type, corrugated and the gap form, satisfies the different requirements.

镀锌钢托盘多用于出口，替代木托盘，免薰蒸，符合欧盟、北美各国对出口货物包装材料的法令要求；喷涂钢托盘适用于重载上货架之用，托盘表面根据需要制作成平板状、波纹状及间隔形式，满足不同的使用要求。