水系

Firstly, the general method to building the system is analyzed, and one method based on the theory of the shortest procedure doing the same job is discussed. Secondly, the regional increasing method is used to decide the water flowing direction, in which way the actual drainage area water system is better simulated, producing the satisfying fitness between the built water channel and the actual one. The result also accords with the actuality of water conflux.

本文分析了数字流域水系生成所采取的一般方法，并且针对实际情况采取了以"最短流程法"为基础的数字流域生成方法，以区域增长法确定水流方向，更好地模拟了实际流域水系的情况，使得生成河道和实际河道达到了很好的拟合效果，也更加符合汇流的实际情况。

Since 1980 the river net pattern began to show typical features of artificial river system with straight watercourse, low curvilinearity.

近百年来扬中的渠网系统发生了显著变化。1935年和1958年河港为近于自然树枝状水系。1980后河港格局表现出典型的人工水系特征，到1994年河港数量和长度明显增加，网络的结构趋于复杂，河港网络趋于完善，但城镇及其附近的渠道和池塘逐渐减少。

As a consequence, based on the water system denseness method and the tectonic d...

论文在分析地应力及地应力场特征和规律基础上，论述了地应力场主要组成部分；较系统地阐述了粗集理论的主要内容，应用粗集理论计算各因素对地应力场的影响，并提出基于粗集理论计算权重的方法；解释了图像滤波使图像边界模糊的原因，提出基于粗集理论的图像滤波方法；研究TM图像各波段的信息特征、最佳波段组合及各波段赋色；剖析构造形迹在反推构造应力场中作用，建立断裂构造形成时的构造力学模型；利用遥感资料解译了与新构造应力场密切相关的水系，在GIS支持下，应用水系密集度方法和构造力学模型计算了新构造应力场的方向与大小；分析了地形起伏对重力场的影响，并建立了相应的数学模型；研究了地应力在矿山巷道及开采设计中的应用。

Based on GIS methods and Horton laws of a river system,this paper discusses the fractal properties of the Huluhe Drainage Basin,which is located on the Loess Plateau of Northwest China.

基于地理信息系统方法和Horton水系定律，对黄土高原地区葫芦河流域的水系分形特征进行了探讨。

Some innovative results are listed below:1、According to the lithologic characters,lithofacies,genetic classification and the geomorphy,the Quaternary system is divided into piedmont-gully\'s and plain\'s. The piedmont-gully\'s Quaternary sediment,which is about 3～20 meters in thick,is in the western hills of the study area.The plain\'s Quaternary sediment is widely distributed in the study area,which is about 30～60meters thick and become thicker from southwest to northeast.2、The Quaternary sediments of plain can be divided into five sedimentary cycles.The Late Pleistocene series Quantan group,at the bottom of the Quaternary System,is constituted by a fluvial facies-river and lake facies sedimentary cycle. The Late Pleistocene series Jiashan group,at the middle of the Quaternary sediment, is constituted by two fluvial facies-neritic facies-river and lake facies sedimentary cycles.The Holocene series Binhai group,at the upper of the Quaternary sediment, is divided into three parts,the under layer and middle layer are constituted by two littoral facies-river and lake facies sedimentary cycles,the upper layer is constituted by paludal facies,which was deposited at the lower-lying land like West Lake, Jiangcun-Gu dang,Xianghu lake,and coastal-estuary facies in other area.3、Folding and fault activities were weak in Quaternary and the tectonic activity had little influence on the Quaternary sedimentation.The ancient landforms,the evolvement of the river system and transgression were the main elements which controlled the Quaternary sedimentation in Hangzhou.The ancient landforms formed the basis of the Quaternary sedimentation.The evolvement of the river system and transgression individually or jointly controlled the Quaternary sedimentation of this area.4、The alternation of the climate was the main reason for the evolvement of the river systems and transgression,and it\'s also the reason why the Quaternary system of Hangzhou has the special sedimentary structure which is called soft interbed with hard layers.

通过研究取得了以下成果：1、根据岩性、岩相、成因类型和地貌特点，将本区第四系划分为山麓沟谷区沉积和平原区沉积：山麓沟谷区第四系主要分布于西部丘陵地区，厚度较薄且变幅大，一般厚3～20m；平原区第四系广布分区，由南西向北东逐渐增厚，一般厚30～60m.2、平原区第四系自下而上大体由五个完整或不完整的沉积旋回构成：底部上更新统全塘组，由河流相—河湖相的沉积旋回构成；中部上更新统嘉善组，由河流相—浅海相—河湖相两个沉积旋回构成；上部全新统滨海组，其下中两段由滨海海湾相—河湖相的两个沉积旋回构成，上段由西湖、蒋村—古荡、湘湖等低洼处沉积的湖沼相和其他地区沉积的滨海河口相构成。3、第四纪以来，研究区内褶皱、断裂活动微弱，构造运动对第四系沉积的影响不大，古地形、古水系的发育、变迁和海侵是杭州市第四系沉积的主要控制因素：古地形构成了第四系沉积的基底，水系与海侵在其后的不同阶段或分别或联合的主导了区内的第四系沉积。4、水系的发育、变迁和海侵的共同原因是天气变化，正是由于第四纪以来"冷热交替"的天气特点形成了杭州市第四系"软硬互层"的特殊沉积结构。

At the same time, with reference to the relational research results at home and abroad, the width of each streamside green is determined based on their functions. At the end, the measure of conserving the streamside green system is explored by differentiating and analyzing the land use from remote sensing picture.

同时，参照国内外的相关研究成果，依据各水系绿地功能，确定水系绿地宽度，并结合遥感解译出的土地覆盖情况，探寻维育水系绿地系统的措施。

The results show that the debris materials of the Shanxi Formation mainly are derived from Pre\|Cambrian metamorphic rock from the north part of the Ordos basin, two water systems control the material source of the Shanxi Formation, the middle\|west water systems in the research area have the same source, the east water system has another source, but they are affinitive.

结果表明神木地区山西组的物源主要来自盆地北部前寒武系变质岩，重矿物组合反映了山西组物源由2条水系控制，研究区内中西部水系来自于同一源区，而东部水系来自不同的源区，但是东西源区之间具有一定的亲缘性。

Morphological differences among two Eriocheir japonicus populations collected from Suifen River and Hepu River and two Eriocheir sinensis populations from Changjiang and Liaohe River were studied based on cluster analyzing and discriminal analyzing on 17 morphological characters , and the hybrids of Eriocheir sinensis× Eriocheir japonicus was also researched as an assistant subject.

选取合浦水系和绥芬河水系的日本绒螯蟹与长江水系和辽河水系的中华绒螯蟹4个绒螯蟹种群，以辽河水系绒螯蟹与绥芬河水系绒螯蟹杂交后代为辅助研究对象，对它们的17个外部形态特征分别进行聚类和判别分析。

The paper sees Horton code as a primary characteristic value and generalizing condition of the river network, and selects, simplifies and generalizes river based on scale of before and after generalization,, The main contents of paper include:(1)Reviews generalization concept, arithmetic operators, methods, influence factor and frame of map generalization and design, analyze core theory of feature —oriented map generalization, discuss the main context and applicable method of river feature generalization(2) Summarizes natural form and spatial configuration characteristic of the river network, and describe the river network using digraph Paper mostly researches tree —like river, identifies the direction of river based on the angle of the main and secondary reach, and identifies the main river based on most length and predominant continuation of the flow direction along the major channel , then receives the grade of river by recursion and structuralize river network, builds hiberarchy rank system of river based on Horton coding(3)Designs the model of river network based on Horton code, and organizes the data of node, branch and river.

本论文把Horton编码作为水系网的一个主要特征值并以此作为综合条件，并根据综合前后的比例尺对水系网进行选取、化简和概括。论文的主要工作包括：(1)总结地图综合的概念、算子分解、实现方法、主要影响因素和总体设计框架，分析面向地理特征的制图综合的核心理论支撑，在此基础上讨论水系专题要素综合的主要内容和综合适用的方法。(2)总结水系网的自然形态和空间结构特征，用图论对水系网进行描述。以树状水系作为主要研究对象，依据树状水系的主支流交汇关系确定水系流向，依据水系中主流的长度最长和主流保持原有的流向趋势确定主流，按此递归得到河流的不同级别，对基于河段组织的水系网结构化，自动建立水系的Horton编码。(3)设计基于Horton码的水系网模型，对结点、河段、河流和河系的数据进行有效的组织。

As far as province, land use and water system are considered, Sichuan province, crop land grass, Jinsha river and Jialing river are important contributories of NPS pollution load in study area.

就省份、土地利用类型和水系而言，四川省、种植用地和草地以及金沙江水系和嘉陵江水系对长江上游的非点源污染贡献较大。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。