水平地层

Secondly, the steady-state productivity model for horizontal well in gas reservoir is established. On the basis of solving the model, this thesis elicits the binomial deliverability equation by which absolute open flow potential and inflow performance relationship can be got and we can forecast the production performance of horizontal well in gas reservoir. In the end, on the basis of the theoretical analysis, this thesis explores homologous nodal analysis program.

其次，在建立水平气井不稳定渗流数学模型并求得其解的基础上，推导出了考虑地层伤害及非达西渗流影响水平气井产能方程，通过该产能方程可求出水平气井的绝对无阻流量，绘制流入动态关系曲线来预测生产动态；最后，在理论分析的基础上建立了水平气井节点分析方法，并开发了相应的节点分析程序。

Then, the steady-state productivity model for horizontal well in gas reservoir is established. On the basis of solving the model, this thesis deduces the binomial deliverabiliry equation by which absolute open flow potential and inflow performance relationship can be gotten and we can forecast the production performance of horizontal well in gas reservoir.

其次，在建立水平气井稳定渗流的数学模型并求得其解的基础上，推导出了考虑地层伤害及非达西渗流影响水平气井二项式产能方程，通过该二项式产能方程可求出水平气井的绝对无阻流量，绘制流入动态关系曲线来预测生产动态。

Based on the plasto-elastic bounding surface model, the dynamic characters of typical clay and silt were studied through several types of laboratory dynamic tests. The parameters of dynamic bounding surface model were given upon the tests. By using a nonlinear procedure for response analysis of horizontally layered sites subjected to multi-directional earthquake loading, the response of acceleration, pore pressure and dynamic stress in Shanghai area under different earthquakes were studied.

在弹塑性边界面模型的基础上，通过试验，研究了上海地区典型粘土和砂性土的动力特性，取得了针对边界面模型的计算参数，并采用多向地震作用下的水平地层弹塑性动力反应分析程序对以深厚软土覆盖地层为特点的上海地区典型的土层断面，以苏南核电站为主的地震输入进行了场地反应分析，在加速度特性、孔压特性和动应力特性等方面取得了相应的结果。

In this paper we combining connecting tunnel project of Subway Line 4 at Xidan-lingjing bystreet in Beijing. To aim at the difficulties of building large-span connecting tunnels in the fine sand layer, through roads and underground pipelines, construction nearby buildings and other project difficulties. Using theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, field tests and other research methods to comprehensive and systemic research the stratum deformation mechanism and process control techniques of shallow excavation method, and a series of results were obtained. Firstly, use the stochastic media theory to analyze the stratum deformation mechanism, concretely analyze the analytic equation of surface horizontal displacement and deformation which were caused by the excavation of single-hole and double-hole tunnel, and further discussion on ground settlement, vertical deformation, surface horizontal displacement and horizontal deformation. Analyzing the main influence factors of surface displacement, and combined with practical work to proof the theory which was applied to shallow buried single-hole tunnel in fine sand layer was scientific.

本文结合北京地铁四号线西单～灵境胡同渡线隧道工程，针对在粉细砂地层中修建大跨渡线隧道，下穿道路和地下管线，临近建筑物施工等工程难点，利用理论分析、数值模拟、和现场监测等多种研究手段，对浅埋暗挖隧道地层变位机理及控制技术，深入地进行全面和系统的研究，并取得以下成果：(1)引入随机介质理论，对地层变位机理进行了分析，具体分析了单、双孔隧道开挖引起的地表位移及变形的解析方程，并深入探讨了地表沉降、垂直变形、地表水平位移和水平变形的特点，同时分析了影响地表位移的主要因素，并结合工程实例，佐证该理论应用于粉细砂地层浅埋暗挖单孔地铁隧道的科学性。

Equivalent linear method based on multiple reflection theory is used in the analysis, the shear wave velocity is calculated from empirical equation got from ground investigation, the dynamic characteristic of soi is taken from the laboratory test and is revised to simulate the liquefaction at the surface.

计算方法采用建立于重复反射理论上的等价线形化法，根据地层探查资料建立了推求地层剪切波速的经验公式，上体的动力作有下变形模量随应力水平的变化规律采用试验曲线。

The research work done is presented as follows:Compound dewatering technique of vacuum tube well is an effective technology for solving the dewatering problems of aquitard and interface relict water according to physical simulation test and field test. The variation laws, such as degree of vacuum, pore water pressure in different strata, have been studied. The results show that there is a certain scope of influence of vacuum in strata, and the vacuum degree in the horizontal direction decreases gradually with the increase of the distance from the main well; the change law of degree of vacuum in the vertical direction increases firstly and then decreases with the depth of soil strata, and changes with different soil nature and depth; changes of pore water pressure in soil strata has also shown a similar law of degree of vacuum.

主要研究工作如下：通过室内物理模拟试验和现场试验均证明了真空管井复合降水技术用于解决弱透水层和界面残留水疏干难题的有效性；并且对不同地层中真空度、孔隙水压力等变化规律进行了研究，发现地层中真空度均有一定的影响范围，且真空度在水平方向上随距主井距离的增加而逐渐降低；在垂直方向上真空度随深度总的规律是先增加后降低，并随土层性质及深度的不同而变化；土层内孔隙水压力也呈现出与真空度类似的变化规律。

On the basis of analysis of the movement characteristics of horizontal layered foundation and the relationship between soil parameters and eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the soil system, frequency domainid entification method of the layered foundation parameters is suggested by correcting the deviation between the measured soil data and theoretical calculation results.

在分析水平层状地基运动特征的基础上，通过研究地层系统的特征值和特征向量与地层参数之间的关系，修正测量得到的数据与理论计算结果之间的偏差，建立了层状地基参数的频域识别方法。

During drilling course,we overcome technology problems as unconsolidation formation,poor lithology,high precision of horizontal section target,thirsty formation and so on.

欢2-平1井是辽河油田第一口稀油水平井探井，油藏类型为层状边水油藏，施工过程中克服了钻经地层松散、成岩性较差、水平段中靶精度要求高、地层易漏失等技术难题。

In recently 10 years, people pay much attention to a new induction logging technology called fully triaxial induction logging. It can detect and characterize resistivity anisotropy and provide the information of formation dips and azimuths that are essential in charactering and developing low-resistivity reservoirs such as thinly laminated sand-shale sequences.

近十年发展起来的三轴感应测井由于能探测地层的电各向异性，提供关于地层水平和垂直电导率以及地层倾角和走向的信息，这对砂—泥岩薄交互油储层组这类&低阻产层&的识别和开发有着重要意义，倍受人们的重视。

The orogenic strata have following characteristics: During the subduction and intracontinental orogeny, the strata experienced dramatic tectonic migration and mixing, resulting in various tectonic features. A short sequence usually composed of tectonic slices of various origins, times, deformations and metamorphisms, and scales. The original sequence was badly destroyed. The extant fragments of orogenic belt usually took form as melanges, especially the accretion complex wedge generated in subduction zone, which is contrary to the Law of Superposition. The original location of the accretion is also contradicted with the Law of Original Horizonality, because the accretion is oblique with high degree. Marine rocks, volcanic rocks of continental margin and metamorphic rocks were well-developed in the orogenic belt, especially ultra-basic, basic rocks were wide spread and were intensely metamorphosed, accompanied by metamorphic slices returned from hundred kilometers underground with ultra-high pressure and magma movements during syn-orogeny and post-orogeny, thus formed the colorful landscapes.

造山带非史密斯地层构成具如下独特性和复杂性：造山带在俯冲碰撞和陆内造山阶段，发生过强烈的构造搬运和构造混杂，构造形迹多样化，垂直不长的地层体往往是众多不同来源、不同时代，不同变形变质程度，不同大小的各种构造岩片拼贴体，地层原始层序被严重肢解、破坏；尤以产于俯冲带的俯冲增生杂岩楔的原始形成方式与史密斯地层学的&层序叠覆律&老下新上的顺序正好相反，其混杂岩增生方式是老的&片体&在上，新的&片体&阶段性拼贴在老的&增生片体&的斜下方，这种增生片体的原始位置亦与&原始水平律&相悖，即增生片体一般保持较高角度倾斜；在岩石类型和变质程度上，造山带海相和古陆缘火山岩以及变质岩普遍发育，尤其是超基性、基性岩系分布广泛，变质作用较强，伴有从百余公里以下深部超高压变质岩片的折返和同造山期与造山后期岩浆活动，构成极为复杂的地质景观。

As she looked at Warrington's manly face, and dark, melancholy eyes, she had settled in her mind that he must have been the victim of an unhappy attachment.

每逢看到沃林顿那刚毅的脸，那乌黑、忧郁的眼睛，她便会相信，他一定作过不幸的爱情的受害者。

Maybe they'll disappear into a pothole.

也许他们将在壶穴里消失