水土

Water and soil resource are important substantial basic of people's subsistence and development,especially are essential conditions of agriculture production, a mass of water and soil loss became a global bionomics question.

水土资源是人类生存和发展的重要物质基础，是进行农业生产的基本条件，大量的水土流失已经成为不可忽视的全球性生态问题。

This paper through field test and theory research in the west of Heilongjiang province, analyze the water and soil loss regulation of slope farmland in blackland.

本文通过现场试验和理论研究探讨了黑龙江省西部黑土区坡耕地水土流失规律，建立了黑土区坡耕地土壤水分入渗和径流模型，并对不同作物、不同耕作处理条件下的坡耕地水土流失进行评价。

Yang Mingyi\ Tian Junliang\ Liu Puling Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling\ 712100

杨明义，田均良，刘普灵中国科学院、水利部水土保持研究所！杨陵712100，中国科学院、水利部水土保持研究所！杨陵712100，中国科学院、水利部水土保持研究所！杨陵712100

Soil and water loss in the gullied loess hilly region in northern Shaanxi attracts worldwide attention, where soiseasonable distribution of contour shrub belt is of significant soil and water conservation effect with runoff decrease of over 30%, sediment reduction of more than 50%, and it can also increase plant coverage of 15％ to 20% on slope farmland and forms shrub network on hill slope,and change the situation of ecological environment deterioration and sparse vegetation.

摘 要］陕北黄土丘陵区的水土流失问题举世瞩目，而坡耕地的水土流失尤为严重。资料表明，配置合理的等高灌木带具有较强的保持水土效益，其径流削减率在30%以上，泥沙削减率在50%以上，可增加坡耕地植被覆盖度15%～20％，在峁坡上能很快形成林网，大大改观坡耕地长期植被稀疏、生态环境恶化状况。

The main contents are as follows:Firstly, starting with the general situation of soil erosion and the harms caused by it, the causes leading to the local soil erosion problem are analyzed comprehensively in the paper. And connecting with the measures taking place, sticking points towards the career of soil and water conservation are expatiated upon.Secondly, Back-Propagation Neural Network, One of Artificial Neural Network is used to set up a modal about the connection of the soil erosion modulus and seven factors impacts on it, such as, rainfall, rainfall largest intensity in 30 minutes, runoff coefficient, vegetation cover percent, rate of granule, rate of physical viscidity-clay, the rate of organic matter. Through the comparison with linear regression model, the second regression model, the Chinese Soil Loss Equation, it illustrated that BP Neural Network modal is more accurate than the other three modals in forecasting the mount of soil erosion, and the BP Neural Network will have some applicability in forecasting in soil erosion.

本文以霍山县作为皖西大别山区的典型区域，主要研究了以下内容：(1)从介绍霍山县土壤侵蚀状况以及所造成的危害入手，全面分析了导致当地土壤侵蚀发生的原因，并结合当地采取的水土保持相关措施，阐述了当地水土保持工作的症结所在；(2)结合上土市水土保持试验站多年实测资料和2005年实验资料，应用BP神经网络理论，建立了次降雨土壤侵蚀量与次降雨量、最大30min雨强、径流系数、植被覆盖度等因子之间关系的模型，并通过BP神经网络的预测模型与一次回归模型、二次回归模型、CSLE模型之间的对比分析，说明了建立的BP神经网络模型在土壤侵蚀预测可以取得较回归模型和CSLE模型更高的精度，也说明了BP神经网络理论在土壤侵蚀预报中具有一定的适用性。

The monitoring experiment for soil and water loss in the spoil ground of BeijingZhuhai expressway's south section within the boundary of Guangdong Province was conducted to study the soil and water loss, ecological control and application effects of the slopes of spoil ground.

在京珠高速公路粤境南段弃土场开展水土流失监测研究，探讨了弃土场的水土流失及其生态治理的水土保持效果。

The study content of this paper is the remote sensing survey of the soil conservation in the part of Yellow River Basin in Gansu province. Six main influential factors are analyzed.

引 言水土保持数字化是数字化黄河的重要组成部分，利用 TM影像进行水土保持遥感普查，是水土保持数字化建设的重要途径与手段。

Exploiting new water and soil resources, improving water and soil use efficiency and digging up the potential of water and soil are important to develop modem forest production. The common feature of building new shelter belt system in different areas with extra emphasis on different facets of forestry is to combine ecologic benefit, economic benefi and social benefit into one. It fully gives expression to the common requirement of modem oasis forestry and modem agriculture.

开发新的水土资源，提高水土资源的利用效率，挖掘水土潜力发展现代林业生产；将生态效益与经济、社会效益结合，不同地区又有所侧重，是建立新防护林体系的共同特点，充分体现出现代绿洲林业及现代农业的共同要求。

That make the people' cognition advanced, redound to forecastthe water and soil loss, and prevent and cure the water and soil loss.

水土流失因子的研究及模型的建立提高了人们对水土流失的认识，为预测、防治水土流失做出了贡献。

Based on the investigation of the soil erosion and the forest reserve, the Grey System is exploited to make a Relation analysis on the factor. The corresponding method of soil erosion prevention is presented then.

5在研究淮河流域水土流失和森林资源情况调查资料的基础上，选用灰色系统对影响淮河流域水土流失的因素进行关联度分析，提出水土防治的方法。

According to the clear water experiment, aeration performance of the new equipment is good with high total oxygen transfer coefficient and oxygen utilization ratio.

曝气设备的动力效率在叶轮转速为120rpm～150rpm时取得最大值，此时氧利用率和充氧能力也具有较高值。

The environmental stability of that world - including its crushing pressures and icy darkness - means that some of its most famous inhabitants have survived for eons as evolutionary throwbacks, their bodies undergoing little change.

稳定的海底环境─包括能把人压扁的压力和冰冷的黑暗─意谓海底某些最知名的栖居生物已以演化返祖的样态活了万世，形体几无变化。