水土

Soil and water conservation protective cultivation is an advanced cultivation technology that avoid cultivation or few cultivation on farmland and with stubble cover.Protective cultivation technology is an integration technology that use stubble cover,no-tillage cultivation,deep-plough with machine,and weeding with chemistry.Adopting soil and water conservation protective cultivation can reduce the loss of soil and water in northeast blackland area and improve the soil anti-erodibility.

中文摘要：水土保持保护性耕作是对农田实行免耕少耕，并用农作物秸秆残茬覆盖地表的一项先进耕作技术，保护性耕作技术是由秸秆覆盖、免耕播种、机械深松和化学除草等核心技术组成的一项集成技术，采用水土保持保护性耕作措施可以有效减少东北黑土区的水土流失，提高黑土区土壤抗蚀性。

After analyzing the basic information of the ecological engineering construction, the spatial and temporal scale, and monitoring index, the 1m IKONOS image and 2.5m SPOT5 image were introdueced as data sources, the methodology of RPC modeling and GCP optimitiaztion as modification to the interpretation, the AHP used in determining combination of multi-light specrum and the whole band wave, the virtue reality technique monitoring the classification and recognation, variable cluster allocation coeffiecents and its adaptation in spatial and imaged attributs in the research on water and siol conservation subtracting the least pathches of the area. The final stage is to subtract the information via human and computer interactive to interpret and monitor the classification in the study assisted with GPS, field identification and construction supervision.

在对研究样区水土保持生态建设情况和监测尺度及监测指标分析的基础上，选择1m分辨率的IKONOS影像和2.5m分辨率的SPOT5影像为监测遥感数据源；采用"RPC模型+GCP优化"方法进行高分辨率遥感影像正射纠正；用主成分分析法进行遥感影像全色波段与多光谱图像融合；用虚拟现实技术进行高分辨率遥感影像监督分类模板定义研究，用不同大不的聚类处理参数并在研究水土保持生态建设措施的空间特征和影像特征的基础上，确定提取水土保持生态建设信息的最小图斑参数值；最后用全数字人机交互解译和监督分类提取研究样区水土保持生态建设信息，并结合GPS现场验证和工程监理成果对监测结果进行分析评价。

The effect of Zea mays and Bromus riparius on soil and water loss were studied,the experiment was conducted to plant crop and grass in runoff-plots on the 15 degree slope naturally,the bare slop is CK,then the runoff and soil erosion amount and the biological characteristics of corn and meadow bromes termly were measured,and difference of soil and water loss prevention effect on the slop land were determined.The results showed that soil and water loss became less after both corn and meadow brome planting.And the leaf area and the coverage of meadow brome higher than corn,which was benefit for less soil and water loss at the rain season early.Meanwhile,roots of corn and meadow brome mainly distributed in 0-10 cm soil layer,and the root biomass of meadow brome was 2.88 times than that of corn.

试验在自然降雨条件下，在15°坡地设置作物与牧草径流试验小区，以裸地为对照，在每次降雨之后用全深剖面采样器取样，测量其径流量和土壤侵蚀量，定期测定玉米和草地雀麦的生物学特性，研究玉米与草地雀麦生物学特性变化及其坡地水土流失防治效果的差异，探索植物种植对坡地水土流失的主要影响因素，结果表明：种植玉米与草地雀麦，对坡地水土流失均有一定防治作用，但是，与玉米相比，草地雀麦的叶面积指数和覆盖度可在雨季前达到较高水平，有利于早期坡地水土流失防治。

Although the theory of water and soil loss law and the echniques of integrated soil and water conservation measure of primary geomorphy have become quite mature by scientists' effort over several decades in the world, study to water and soil loss in constructional project is slow to developed country. Among researchers, there are many opinions on the model of water and soil loss caused by constructional project because it is serious shortage of data from observation or test in construction projects.

原生地貌水土流失规律和综合治理技术措施经过几十年的研究与探索，基本形成了较为成熟的理论体系和技术措施体系，但我国对开发建设项目水土保持的研究起步较晚，对水土流失预测的概念、内容还存在着不同的理解，特别是目前开发建设项目水土流失定位观测和动态监测数据十分缺乏，水土流失预测模式中的参数缺乏实验值，都是凭经验估计或参照坡面或流域水土流失预报方程中的参数取值，由此预测出的水土流失量误差极大，从而影响到水土保持措施的优化配置。

Based on data of Yanhe river basin's hydrological stations on precipitation, runoff, soil and water conservation measure area sizes (terrace land, forestation land, grassed land, and silted dam land) from 1950s'-1980s', the basin's monthly precipitation station weightiness indexes and the four main measure areas weightiness indexes through correlation analysis and factor analysis were built.

以建立一种科学的较简单的评价方法为目的，以延河流域水文站20世纪50-80年代30余年降水、径流、水土保持主体措施面积(梯田、造林、种草、淤堤坝)资料为基础，运用相关分析、因子分析等方法，建立了流域雨量站各月降雨量权重指标体系、流域4大水土保持措施面积权重指标值，并构建了以水土保持面积指标、降雨量指标为参数的流域水文响应评价模型，进而分析水土保持措施对流域径流量的效应。

To these facts and the ecological characters of karst area,considering the difference of lithology as the dominant factor,the accountable factors were identified as the assessment indices respectively in carbonate rock areas and noncarbonate rock areas,and the possibly sensitivity degree and distribution law of water and soil loss were analyzed based GIS technology.

结果显示：桂西北河池市水土流失敏感区面积比例在99%以上，其中碳酸盐岩区域水土流失敏感性明显高于非碳酸盐岩区域；从全市来看，水土流失敏感程度较高，其中高度敏感和极度敏感面积比例分别达到了31%和237%；水土流失重要敏感区主要分布于河池市南部的都安大化和中北部岩溶山原区，这些地区应加强生态环境防护措施。

Analysis on benefit and loss of soil and water conservation for construction projects, means that according to the request of scientific development view, harmonious society and the person and nature get along harmonious, Studying thoroughly on the benefit and loss of soil and water conservation of construction projects, exploring and establishing appraisal index system of soil and water conservation. Analyzing and appraising the benefit and loss of soil and water conservation for construction projects qualitatively, quotably, comprehensively, systematically and scientifically. It can provide the scientific basis for technical demonstration and administrative examination for soil and water conservation scheme.

开展开发建设项目水土保持损益分析研究，就是按照科学发展观、和谐社会、人与自然和谐相处的要求，深入研究开发建设项目的水土保持损益，探索建立水土保持损益评价指标体系，定性、定量、全面、系统、科学地分析和评价开发建设项目的水土保持收益与损失，为水土保持方案的技术论证、行政审批提供科学依据。

There are frequent surface disturbance and severe wind erosion and gravity e...

结果表明：工业广场区水土流失轻微，但粉尘污染严重，重点是营造防污染林带；开挖区地面扰动频繁，风蚀和重力侵蚀加剧，应注重周边溯源侵蚀和崩塌的防护；待开挖区与原地貌水土流失相当，应以暂时性水土保持措施为主；而排土场是在重型机械操作下堆置而成的一种大型人工松散堆积体，是矿区水土流失治理的重点。

The results showed that 177.24 kg·hm^-2 N had been removed by corn harvesting and 1.03 kg·hm^-2 by water and soil erosion, which accounted for 99.42% and 0.58% of the total N removal respectively in treatment with integrated contour hedgerows strip＋contour cropping＋balanced fertilization.

结果表明，在等高种植＋平衡施肥＋等高植物篱条带组合农艺措施条件下，收获玉米带走的氮为177.24kg·hm^-2，占水土流失和收获玉米带走氮总量的99.42％，水土流失带走1.03kg·hm^-2的氮，占水土流失和收获玉米带走氮总量的0.58％；顺坡种植＋农民习惯施肥收获玉米带走的氮仅为120.31kg·hm^-2，占水土流失和收获玉米带走氮总量的79.36％，而水土流失带走31.29kg·hm^-2的氮，占带走氮总量的20.64％。

The 19th article in the construction and production process of soil erosion caused by not govern, unable to control their own or take soil and water conservation program approved by the management of the unit or individual, should be assessed on its soil and water conservation program or a plan to control the cost of staging the Soil and water administration departments to pay fees to combat the loss of buried by soil and water conservation administrative department in charge of management of the organization.

第十九条在建设和生产过程中造成水土流失，不进行治理、无力自行治理或未接批准的水土保持方案进行治理的单位或个人，应按其水土保持方案的计划治理费用一次或分期向水土保持行政主管部门缴纳入土流失防治费，由水土保持行政主管部门组织治理。

According to the clear water experiment, aeration performance of the new equipment is good with high total oxygen transfer coefficient and oxygen utilization ratio.

曝气设备的动力效率在叶轮转速为120rpm～150rpm时取得最大值，此时氧利用率和充氧能力也具有较高值。

The environmental stability of that world - including its crushing pressures and icy darkness - means that some of its most famous inhabitants have survived for eons as evolutionary throwbacks, their bodies undergoing little change.

稳定的海底环境─包括能把人压扁的压力和冰冷的黑暗─意谓海底某些最知名的栖居生物已以演化返祖的样态活了万世，形体几无变化。