水力

The physical experiment on hydraulic fracturing propagation in laboratory showed that the penetration of hydraulic fracture into the salutatory barrier mainly depended on the normal stress difference between salutatory barrier and pay zone.

室内物理模拟实验研究发现，突变体法向应力对水力裂缝能否穿过突变体起着决定性作用，约4MPa的法向应力差可以促使水力裂缝穿透突变体，继续沿原来的方向延伸。

But the siphonic roof outlet of system has complex hydraulic peculiaritys、 high velocity of flow and limited capability of dealing with overflow. The error of any design might cause the system invalid or to be insiphonic, furthermore, it can lead to drainage hitch or make big noise, and overflow will appear when the rainfall exceeds the design value of tube. So we should make further studies to consummate the hydraulic peculiarity and the method of calculation continuously.

但虹吸式屋面雨水排水系统中防旋雨水斗的水力特性复杂和系统流速大、超泄能力有限，稍有不慎可能造成系统运行的失效，引起排水故障，或者产生很大的噪声，雨量超过管道设计值时还会出现溢流，从而需要对其进行进一步研究，不断地完善其水力特性和设计计算方法。

In this thesis, I summarize the theoretical calculation method, applied scope and notice of siphonic drainage system, and point out the advantage of siphonic drainage system compared with gravitation drainage system. In the archetype experiment study of siphonic drainage tube, I adopt different tube diameter and different structural height to survey the drainage volume and press in different place. I observe various kinds of flow state, and get chief factors which influence hydraulic peculiarity of system as the tube diameter or structural height, and find out the relevance of factor to flux. I apply CFD Fluent software and adopt standard k-ε model and RNG k-ε model, then use finite volume method and second-order upwind scheme to discrete numerical model, while coupling numeration of velocity field and press is based on SIMPLE. In the numerical simulation of curved part of tube, siphonic drainage tube experiment system and multi-outlet siphonic drainage system, I make research on internal velocity and press of system in different project condition by changing the tube diameter of curved part, negative press value in tube export and improving the quantity of water gutter. This thesis first adopts a method of combining archetype experiment and numerical simulation to study the siphonic drainage system, test and verify the validity of experiment and numerical simulation, and makefurther study on system, it solves the problems of limited testing conditions, and has a logical results, it can provide a valid method for optimizing and designing the drainage tube-net system. The conclusion have referring value for study and design of siphonic drainage system.

本文首先对虹吸式排水系统理论计算方法、适用范围以及注意事项做出总结，并分析了虹吸式排水系统的优势；再对虹吸式排水管道进行原型试验研究，采用不同管径不同立管高度，对系统流量、管道压强进行量测，观察了各种工况下的流态，对其水力特性进行研究分析，找出影响水力特性的落差、管径主要因素以及与排水量的关系；进一步应用计算流体力学Fluent软件，采用标准κ-ε模型与RNGκ-ε模型，计算过程应用有限体积法和二阶迎风格式对数值模型进行离散，速度和压力的耦合采用SIMPLE算法，分别对系统弯管段、虹吸排水管道试验系统、多斗虹吸式排水系统进行数值模拟分析，通过改变管段弯头处半径、管段出口负压值、增加雨水斗数对不同工况下系统内部的速度和压力进行研究；本文首次采用结合原型试验与数值模拟相结合的方法，对虹吸式屋面雨水排水系统进行研究，试验与模拟相互验证，并进行拓展，很好地解决了虹吸式屋面雨水排水系统由于试验条件限制问题，结果正确合理，为排水管网系统设计和优化研究提供了有效的方法，对工程设计有较好的参考价值。

In order to put forward technical research and exploitation for drilling hole hydraulic mining, the technological process, ejection mechanism, squirt gun design, lift up efficiency and security stabilization of it are synthetically analyzed, meanwhile many technical problems are reduced to five different outlines.

综合分析工艺流程、喷射机理、水枪设计、升举效率和安全稳定性等，将钻孔水力采矿的众多技术问题归纳为 5个方面的要点内容，为开展钻孔水力采矿的技术研究和技术开发工作提出基本思路。

After pretreatment with TFP, although the conductance of cultivate solution of strawberry seedling under NaCl stress was not increased, growth was inhibited obviously by TFP, while the leaf relative electric conductivity in strawberry increased, leaf holding ability was reduced. The inhibiting response increased with the concentration of TFP increasing. On the contrary, conductance in cultivate solution was increased by Ca(NC?3)2 treatment, but the leaf relative electric condu

用Ca(NO_3)_2和TFP培养处理NaCl胁迫的草莓幼苗，发现TFP培养处理虽然不增加培养液的电导值，但明显抑制盐胁迫草莓幼苗的生长，增加了叶片膜透性，降低了叶片保水力，抑制作用随TFP浓度的增加而增大；而Ca(NO_3)_2处理虽然增加了培养液的电导值，但降低了幼苗叶片膜透性，提高了叶片保水力，因而减轻了NaCl

Lastly, hydraulic model test of diversion system is carried out. The model scale selection of hydraulic model which includes open channel, long diversion tunnel and surge chamber is discussed.

在整体水力模型试验研究中，着重研究了既包含有明流段又有长引水隧洞和调压室的梯级电站引水系统模型率，并对这种复杂引水系统水力模型的比尺选择进行了探讨。

The physical and chemical properties of DF from the white trumpet lily and tiger lily were analyzed to be water-binding capacity 4.1mL/g and 3.5mL/g, dilatability 6.5mL/g and 6.1mL/g, combining water capacity 7.1 g/g and 6.5g/g, exchangeable cation capacity 0.73 mmol/g and 0.83 mmol/g, and fat binding capacity 4.4mL/g and 5.2mL/g, respectively.

麝香百合和卷丹膳食纤维的理化特性分别是：持水力4.1mL／g和3.5mL／g，溶胀性6.5mL／g和6.1mL／g，结合水力7.1g／g和6.5g／g，阳离子交换能力0.73mmol／g和0.83mmol／g，结合脂肪能力4.4mL／g和5.2mL／g。

The results show that this kind of roughening elements can possess a wide range of roughness, and the hydraulic resistance decreases with the increase of space between roughness elements, but reduces slowly to a constant, and that flow enters into the turbulently rough zone when Reynolds number reaches about 3 500, in which the hydraulic resistance decreases with increase of relative submergence degree, reducing slowly to a constant too.

通过水槽试验对Y型加糙体阻力特性进行了深入研究。研究结果表明：其糙率具有一个较大的调整范围，且随着加糙间距的增加水力阻力减小，减小的幅度越来越小，最后基本不变；雷诺数在3 500左右水流进入阻力平方区，进入阻力平方区后，随着相对淹没度的增大水力阻力减小，最后达一定值。

It\'s possibly that increase of hydraulic limitation with tree height influenced leaf water potential and turgor as well as leaf structure,which strengthened hydraulic limitation on leaf gas exchange characteristics including photosynthesis and transpiration rate, resultantly influenced carbon assimilation and CO_2 fractionation and increased water use efficiency and drought resistance capability.

应该是水力限制影响了叶片的水势和膨压、同时造成叶片的结构发生改变，而结构的改变加剧了水力对气体交换的限制、影响了光合碳同化以及对CO_2的分馏效应、使叶片的水分利用效率和抗旱性增强。

To solve the problems in present hydraulic calculations of gas pipe network such as numerous data-inputting, unprecise output and a lack of hydraulic calculation methods to keep consistent with steady flow and non-steady flow in real working conditions of gas pipe network, in the paper the author has set up a mathematical model of heat transfer process of gas in pipes on the basis of thermodynamic basic theories and obtained more accurate calculation methods of gas storage quantity in long conveying pipes and urban pipe network of high pressure. This research achievement has been applied to real pipe network.

本文研究目的是解决目前燃气管网水力计算中存在的诸如输入数据繁琐、计算精度不高、缺乏符合实际燃气管网工况的稳定流及不稳定流管网水力计算方法等问题，试图根据热力学基本理论建立燃气在管道中传热过程数学模型，给出较为精确的长输管线及城市高压管网储气量的计算方法，并将研究成果应用于实际管网运行中。

As she looked at Warrington's manly face, and dark, melancholy eyes, she had settled in her mind that he must have been the victim of an unhappy attachment.

每逢看到沃林顿那刚毅的脸，那乌黑、忧郁的眼睛，她便会相信，他一定作过不幸的爱情的受害者。

Maybe they'll disappear into a pothole.

也许他们将在壶穴里消失