水分子

The influencing factors that glutathione molecular umbrella penetrates lipid bilayers with the shielded conformation were analyzed with VolSurf parameters. The results show that the major influencing factors are smaller amphiphilic moment and larger molecular rugosity of the shielded conformation, which are independent of definite hydrophobic regions of the conformation.

利用VolSurf参数分析了分子伞以屏蔽构象穿透磷脂双分子层的影响因素，结果表明屏蔽构象较小的两亲矩及较大的分子褶皱程度是其能够穿透细胞膜的主要影响因素，与构象的绝对疏水区域无关。

We study the phase-separation and microstructure of the pure binary and trinary mixed LB and LS films of Dimyristoyl phosphatidyicholine cholesteroland sphingomylin deposited from pure water subphase by π-A isotherms and tapping mode Atomic Force Microscopy.

在本章中我们用这种极易溶于水的阳离子型聚合物PEI为一软垫，研究以此软垫为基底的不同生物分子和它们不同种二元及三元混合单分子膜体系在含PEI亚相上的相结构情况，初步的讨论了它们以云母为基底的IS膜和LB膜的微结构或者说是该软垫对单分子膜微结构的影响。

YTY paper reinforcement of the recently developed a new water soluble polymer material, it is a high molecular weight polymer compound ionictype, mechanim, numberrepresentationof exesting non－ionic, and numberrepresentationof anions and cations, so this in paper-making process, you can and pulp fiber molecules multi-spots adsorption, which increases the fine celluiose filler and retention; at the same time it can also promote hydrogen between cellulose, and gives the paper jiantiao dry strength significantly increase, because the reinforcement of the unique structure, so it can be used with other paper cocatalyst compouding, a broad pH range as a reinforcement of the paper is available at wood pulp and wood pulp-straw gamasid mixed pulp and paper pulp etc.

YTY纸张补强剂系近期研制成功的新型水溶性高分子材料，它是一种高分子量复合离子型的高聚物，在其分子结构中，既有非离子基团，还有阴离子、阳离子基团，因此这在造纸过程中，可以与纸浆中的纤维分子形成多点吸附，从而提高填料与细纤维素的留着率；同时它还可促进纤维素分子之间的氢健作用，使纸张干强度明显提高，由于该补强剂分子的独特结构，因此它可与其它造纸助剂复配使用，能在较宽广的pH范围内，作为纸张补强剂，可以在木浆、木浆——草浆混合浆、革浆等多种纸浆中使用。

Its solution behaviors are similar to and even better than those of corresponding polyelectrolytes singly modified with the same hydrophobe to the added surfactant.

通过溶液共聚，将碳氢和氟碳这两种疏水单体无规地接枝到聚电解质主链上，得到的这类混合改性的聚电解质无论与碳氢小分子表面活性剂还是与氟碳小分子表面活性剂作用均表现出和同种大分子表面活性剂与小分子表面活性剂作用时相似甚至更好的缔合情形。

OBJECTIVE ①To compare the sequences of the ribosomal rDNA-ITS2, 28S-D3 and mitochondrial mtDNA-COII in the different origins of Anopheles minimus for detecting the intra-and inter-specific variation of the sibling species of the Minimus Complex;②To reconstruct phylogenetic trees of the Minimus Complex and Myzomyia Series for determining the position of An. minimus A and C;③To establish specific methods for differentiation of two sibling species, An. minimus A and An. minimus C, of the Minimus Complex.

中文题名微小按蚊种群变异与分子鉴别研究副题名外文题名论文作者周水森导师汤林华研究员学科专业分子流行病学研究领域\研究方向学位级别博士学位授予单位中国预防医学科学院学位授予日期2002 论文页码总数98页关键词蚊微小按蚊馆藏号BSLW /2003 /R384 /3 目的①比较微小按蚊核糖体rDNA-ITS2、28S-D3基因和线粒体mtDNA-COII基因的序列差异，阐明微小按蚊复合体亲缘种种间和种内变异；②根据基因变异重建微小按蚊复合体及迈蚊系成员的种系发生关系，以确立微小按蚊亲缘种变异的种系地位；③建立微小按蚊复合体亲缘种A和C的分子鉴别方法。

A isotherm of a monolayer at air-water interface for a quaternary ammonium salt type trimeric surfactant (shortly called 12-2-12-2-12) was investigated by the Langmuir balance technology. The surface tension at collapse pressure,γ, and the molecular limited area, A, were determined and compared with the surface tension of the surfactant solution at CMC concentration,γ.

利用Langmuir膜天平研究了季铵盐三聚表面活性剂12-2-12-2-12在空气－水界面单分子膜的表面压－分子面积等温线，得到它的崩溃压对应的表面张力γ(下标 collapse)和分子极限面积A。

Parviflora in shrub communities had the xeromorphic traits in the aspects of ① their secondary xylem had shorter vessel elements, higher vessel frequency, less single porous percentage, lower rays, higher relative conductivity and lower vulnerability index, and ② their leaf had lower water potential, lower water content and free water content, higher bound water content, high ratio of bound to free water content, and less specific leaf area.

扁担木叶片、次生木质部的解剖和水分生理特征均表现出一定的可塑性，其可塑性指数高低顺序为次生木质部解剖特征（0、24）〉水分生理特征（0.19）〉叶片解剖特征（0.18）、与侧柏林和混交林相比，灌丛中扁担木个体对干旱生境有一定的适应能力，表现在次生木质部导管分子短，导管频率高，单孔率低，木纤维短，射线矮小，具有较大的相对输导率和较小的脆性指数；叶片水势、组织含水量、自由水含量较低，叶面积、比叶面积较小，而束缚水含量、束缚水自由水比值较高。

This kind of general structural intercalation complex materials have three obvious characteristics: i Conditions of intercalation reaction are wild in room temperature, water or ethanol solution usually, ii we can process molecule design of host for increasing selectivity to guest molecules in order to prepare general structural intercalation complex materials, iii we can obtain all kinds of applied purpose complex materials by intercalating different functional guests.

这类特殊结构的复合材料具有三个显著特点：第1，制备条件温和，通常在室温、水或醇等溶液中进行；第2，通过对主体分子的设计，提高对客体分子的选择性，可以得到预先设计分子结构的复合材料；第3，通过对一些功能性客体分子进行插层组装，可以得到具有光、电、磁等结构新颖的复合材料。

Results Bulbus alkaloids easily formed molecular ions(superscript + in MS and dimerized easily in alcohol solution, which did not dimerize in acidity solution. Collision induced dissociation made these alkaloids easily lose a molecule of H2O. The MS spectra of the extracts of five Bulbu Fritillartae species indicated that the major molecular ions were similar to each other, but different varieties showed very different relative abundances of these molecular ions.

结果 在正离子一级质谱中，贝母生物碱易形成带一个正电荷的准分子离子，并且在中性醇溶液中，贝母生物碱易形成二聚体，在酸性介质中则无此现象；二级碰撞诱导解离易使贝母生物碱脱去一分子水；5种贝母对照药材的总生物碱提取液的一级电喷雾质谱图显示，主要分子离子峰基本相同，但因品种不同相对丰度差异较大。

Germ warfare is an attractive terrorist option. After all, it is hard to prove or disprove what the terrorist claims to be able to do. Because germ agents are unseen, a tiny amount of agent has the potential to terrorize and disrupt the lives of millions. Imagine the terrorist who telephones a national newspaper to say that ten phials of nerve agents or hazardous viruses will be added to one of the thousands of distribution points of our domestic water supply. Over 30 million adults would be boiling all drinking water for weeks-especially if one or two had died already.

细菌战是对恐怖主义分子很有吸引力的一项，毕竟，难以证实或否定恐怖分子所宣称的，因为细菌战是看不到，措不着的，一点点剂量就对数百万人造成潜在威胁和打乱他们正常生活，试想一下：恐怖分子给国家主办的新闻报纸打电话，声称他们已经把数十瓶神经药剂和危险的病菌洒入了当地居民的水源供应地的数千个取水点，那么3000万成年居民数周内都要把水煮沸才敢饮用---尤其是有1-2人已死亡的情况下。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。