水准面

The surface subsidence in the Yellow River delta foreland area brings changes to the land surface height there, and the depth datum in the bathymetric survey is determined on the basis of the level of land bench mark, so the changes in the level of land bench mark will affect the determination of depth datum and the accuracy of bathymetric survey.

国家海洋局，第一海洋研究所，山东青岛 266061文章摘要：黄河三角洲前沿的陆地由于受地面沉降的影响，使地面高程不断发生变化。在水深测量中，深度基准面是根据陆地水准点高程确定的，陆地水准点高程的变化影响深度基准面的确定，从而影响水深测量的准确性。

The latest geopotential model, EGM96, was employed to compute the free air gravity anomaly, geoidal separation, the average density anomalies of the crust and the uppermost mantle, and the distribution pattern of the viscous stress exerted by mantle convection over Xinjiang and its neighboring areas.

利用最新的地球重力场模型，计算了新疆及邻近地区的自由空气重力异常、大地水准面扰动异常、地壳和上地幔平均密度异常以及地幔对流引起的岩石层底界面粘滞应力场分布。

Deep lithospheric mantle in the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau and adjacent area, which consists of imbricated dipping-northward multi-lithospheric terrains, is in convergent-subduction regime for sinking of cold lithospheric material. Geoidal anomalies and P/S velocity tomographies show that subduction into beneath Euro-Asian continent by Indian lithosphere not only causes intensive crustal upwelling, thickening and shorting deformation along S-N, but also affects depth of～600km in the plateau and eastern part of the Chinese continent and southern margin of the Siberian block.

大地水准面异常和P/S速度层析成像显示，印度大陆岩石圈向欧亚大陆的俯冲作用，不只是引起地壳的强烈加厚、隆升和南北向缩短变形，纵向上影响到600km深度，横向上波及到了中国东部和西伯利亚南部。

The lithospheric mantle of the Chinese continent, as a whole, is in compressive tectonic regime. 2. The lithosphere of eastern portion of the Chinese continent, being in extensional regime for level-shallow and motion eastward but westward dipping imbricated subduction that formed by high- and lower velocity slabs within lithosphere, suggests that it is in compressional regime in deep levels as a whole.

岩石圈大地水准面异常、水平应力场和P波地震层析等显示，中国东部岩石圈浅层次向东运动，处于相对伸展状态，而深层次高、低速板片向西叠瓦式俯冲形成挤压构造背景，以部分脱耦形式实现不同深度层次之间的调节。

In view of an analysis from lithospheric geoid, horizontal stress and existing seismic tomographic data and so on, they show that Chinese mainland and adjacent area is controlled by mantle dynamics of interaction, mutual influence and constraint by western Pacific ocean plate, Indian plate and circum-Siberian arc tectonics that formed after Paleo-Asian ocean closed, which consist of three tectonic areas, with on the base of the Tethyan tectonic realm. Overall tectonic framework of the Chinese mainland is outwards obduction along main tectonic borders within shallow crust and inwards subduction and convergence within deep lithospheric mantle from south-western, south-eastern and northern parts, respectively.

基于岩石圈大地水准面异常、水平应力场和地震层析等地球物理资料综合分析可知，中国大陆及其毗邻地区在特提斯构造基础上，处于西太平洋板块、印度板块和古亚洲洋及其闭合之后环西伯利亚弧形等三大全球构造体系域相互作用、相互影响和相互制约的地幔动力学控制之下，总体大地构造格局是浅部地壳分别沿主要构造边界向外仰冲，深部岩石圈地幔则从西南、东南和北部向中国大陆俯冲会聚，使之整体处于地幔会聚挤压的大地构造背景。

The methods for the recovery of gravity filed from satellite altimetry are summarized and studied and the geoid and gravity anomaly grided in 2.5′×2.5′ size over china are recovered from multi-satellite altimetry data. Two methods are used to recover gravity.

6总结并研究了由测高数据恢复海洋重力场以及分离海面地形的方法；利用多代卫星测高资料，以测高轨迹海面高剖面梯度采样为基础数据，分别由垂线偏差法和最小二乘配置法反演了2.5′×2.5′中国海域的重力异常和大地水准面差距；然后采用移去-恢复由高斯滤波方法从平均海面高中分离出15′×15′中国海域的动力海面地形。

In this paper, the basic knowledge of GPS, CORS have been introduced briefly, and the theory and methods of refining the local geoid based upon GPS or CORS have been discussed in detail.

本文首先介绍了GPS、CORS的基本知识，详细阐述了基于GPS技术的昆明市大地水准面精化理论和方法，并利用多年基础测绘资料，确定了昆明市1000平方公里范围内数字高程异常等值线。

Today,GPS has been used to built up the new control networks,to verify and improve the existed ones, or to strengthen the laters, and also be used to match the global or local geoids.

用GPS技术在建立新的地面控制网、检核和改善已有地面网，对已有地面控制网进行加密及在拟合区域大地水准面方面都发挥了重大作用。

The results show that within the Philippine Sea and the South China Sea, short wavelength lineations of the geoid undulation are parallel or cross to magnetic lineations and rifting ridges.

结果表明，菲律宾海和南海显示了与磁条带、扩张脊对应或斜交的高频成分大地水准面起伏条带。

Determination of Mean Sea Surface and Geoid Undulations in China Seas and Vicinity.

第二，中国近海海域平均海平面和大地水准面起伏构造。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。