水准面

In this paper we develop models to compute the geopotential of an equipotential surface in terms of the geopotential coefficient model, e.g.

提出了利用全球重力场模型和GPS/水准资料计算局部高程基准相对全球大地水准面垂直偏差的 2种不同方法。

A three dimensional, kinematical, enough resolution and geocentric coordinate frame will be established in China.

在重力基准方面，在国家2000重力基准网和国家2000大地水准面的基础上，有步骤的按省或地区推算具有厘米级精度，10km级栅格分辨率的似大地水准面。

In this thesis, the basic theory and methods for the determination of geoid is introduced. Then the main error sources for the determination of geoid are analyzed and the error transmission formulas are given.

本文简要介绍了确定大地水准面的基本原理和常用方法，并对影响大地水准面精度主要误差源进行了分析，给出了误差传播的计算公式。

Then we can research the relationship between topography-isostatsy compensation gravity and geoid and order and degree of spherical harmonic series, and discuss the characters of topography-isostatsy compensation gravity and geoid.

由此我们可以研究地形—均衡补偿重力、大地水准面异常与球谐级数阶次的关系，以及不同波长地形荷载与岩石圈挠曲补偿的关系，探讨地形—均衡补偿重力、大地水准面的频谱特性。

In general the accuracy of geoidal heights, as given by spirit levelling, much exceeds that of any other system.

一般说来，水准测量测出的大地水准面高程的精度，远远超过任何其它方法的精度。

Deflection of the vertical ; astro gravimetric leveling ; geoid ; CCD automatic astrometer ; method with single pole

垂线偏差；天文重力水准；大地水准面； CCD自动天体测量仪；单极坐标法

The tests of WHU-GM-05 series are performed by multi-comparisons, which include the comparisons between the model series and several analogous international geopotential models including EIGEN-GRACE series and GGM02S with respect to the corresponding degree variances and geoidal heights, and comparisons of the model geoidal heights with GPS leveling in the area of U.S.

基于两颗GRACE卫星的观测数据，采用本文导出的严密能量积分方法求解得到120阶的GRACE地球重力场模型，命名为WHU-GM-05；将WHU-GM-05模型与国际上同类重力场模型EIGEN-GRACE系列和GGM02S分别在阶方差和大地水准面高等方面作了比较，并与美国和中国的部分地区GPS水准观测值进行了精度分析。

If the geoid or quasi-geoid model is given, GPS can be used directly to determine orthometric height or normal height, which can take the place of the traditional geometric leveling and make the seperation mode of plane control network and elevation control network in traditional geodesy become a history.

在高精度、高分辨率大地水准面模型的支持下，利用GPS技术可以直接测定正高或正常高，从而取代传统繁琐的水准测量方法，使得平面控制网和高程控制网分离的传统大地测量模式成为历史。

It is commonly used by geodesists and geophysicists to analyze geoid undulations and study crustal deformation.

它包括了大地水准面和海面地形两部分信息，因而广泛地用于研究大地水准面、瞬时海面高、大洋环流等问题。

The geoid is used to be regarded as the theoretic global vertical reference .The actual national height references are regional mean sea levels determined by tide gauge station. The difference between them is apparent. The satellite altimetry has developed as a kind of important space geodetic technique since 1970s.

大地水准面作为全球高程测量的理论基准面，在现实工作中，国家或者地区高程系统的起算面是利用验潮方法来确定局部平均海平面的，两者之间的差距是显而易见的。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。