水准测量

In this article, special emphasis is laid on level survey principle: under same between forword sight and backsight staffs, height difference between two points-for- word sight and backsight h=a-b.

本文着重论述了前后视标尺根值相等的水准测量原理：（1）前后视标尺所立之间相同时，前后视两点高差为：h＝a－b。

International and domestic multifarious control nets in use of GPS's positioning techniques are only to solve the horizontal coordinates, but the height still follow to use the geometric leveling.

目前国内外应用GPS定位技术建立各类控制网时，仅解决了平面坐标，高程方面除平原地区采用拟和方法可以得到满意结果外，其余地区高程仍多沿用常规的几何水准测量方法来测定。

In this paper, firstly, the new combined error model of cumulative geoid height influenced by three error sources including the inter-satellite range-rate of K-band ranging system, orbital position of GPS receiver and non-conservative force of accelerometer from GRACE satellites is established using the semi-analytical method. Secondly, the dependability of error models is demonstrated based on matching relationship among the accuracy indexes of key payloads. Finally, the accuracy of global gravitational field up to degree and order 120 is effectively and rapidly estimated from GRACE Level 1B measured observation errors of the year 2006 publicized by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in the USA, and the cumulative geoid height error is 18.368 cm at degree 120, which preferably accords with the Earth's gravitational field model EIGEN-GRACE02S provided by the GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam in Germany.

首先基于半解析法建立了新的GRACE卫星K波段测量系统星间测速、GPS接收机轨道位置和加速度计非保守力误差联合影响累计大地水准面的误差模型；其次，基于各关键载荷精度指标的匹配关系，论证了误差模型的可靠性；最后，基于美国喷气动力实验室公布的2006年的GRACE Level 1B实测误差数据，有效和快速地估计了120阶全球重力场的精度，在120阶处累计大地水准面的精度为18.368 cm，其结果和德国地学研究中心公布的EIGEN-GRACE02S全球重力场模型符合较好。

On the basis of the combination of GPS and leveling information, a new method for subregional fitting and transforming GPS height into normal height is proposed.

在综合利用GPS与水准测量资料的基础上，针对面积较大或地形变化比较复杂的GPS测区，提出了分区拟合转换成正常高的方法。

The surface subsidence in the Yellow River delta foreland area brings changes to the land surface height there, and the depth datum in the bathymetric survey is determined on the basis of the level of land bench mark, so the changes in the level of land bench mark will affect the determination of depth datum and the accuracy of bathymetric survey.

国家海洋局，第一海洋研究所，山东青岛 266061文章摘要：黄河三角洲前沿的陆地由于受地面沉降的影响，使地面高程不断发生变化。在水深测量中，深度基准面是根据陆地水准点高程确定的，陆地水准点高程的变化影响深度基准面的确定，从而影响水深测量的准确性。

The collimation error correction and orthometric correction (altitude over more than 100 m in the examining area) must be involved in the systematic error corrections of third-order level calculation.

但是在视准轴误差方面，不管是二等或是三等水准测量，若使用电子水准仪时，则因仪器已在内建之程式中自动加入改正，换句话说，根本不需另外再改正。

Introduced one method that total station instrument to replace leveling survey ,the method predigests the outside work, improves work efficiency and it has more advantage in the complicated area.

通过精度分析，该方法可达到四等水准测量的精度，提出了提高观测精度的相应措施。

In the standard measurement, such as bar code through a splitter, will be divided into two beams of light, a bunch of switch hitting the sensor photodiode array, and the other a bunch of change reach all parts of the observation mirror.

在水准测量中，条码的像通过一个分光器，将光线分成两束，一束转射到传感光电二极管阵列上，另一束转射到观测镜上。

In virtue of the traditional spirit leveling in mountainous and hills with low efficiency, high-impact environmental factors are affected by topography.

由于传统的几何水准测量在山区和丘陵地区工作效率低，受地形环境因素影响大。

New box design with durable 0.5 inch (13 mm) paving skin Vertically-adjusting mold mount for precise leveling of mold to machine Telescoping end sections with 12 inches (305 mm) of width variation on each side are available Standard paving depth is zero to 24 inches (610 mm)Edge slump adjustment Hydraulic Vertical Hinged Sideplates, self-contained inside the mold for track clearance Split, pressure-compensated sideplates Folding side plate wings for transporting without removing Pivoting mold mounting beam to eliminate stress points Self-supported TA is hydraulically driven with 3.5 inch (89 mm) ACME screws for up to a six inch (152 mm) crown Front and rear top T-bar on mold for attaching accessories and structural integrity Inserts are bolted together with front and rear alignment pins for easy mold assembly New vibrator mounting tube attaches to T-bar on mold – Vertical vibrator lift – Rear lubrication system with grease zerks accessible from the work bridge New strike-off – Mounted on paver frame T-rail, independent of the mold – New modular design with wedge lock system for ease in changing widths – 10 inches (254 mm) of hydraulic height adjustment – Hydraulic crown adjustment Spreader plow mounted to paver frame T-rail, optional auger available Tamper bar optional

与耐久性的新的箱子设计铺精密水准测量的0.5英寸(13 mm)皮肤垂直调整的模子登上模子用机器制造挤撞与12英寸(305 mm)的末端部分在每边的宽度变异是可利用的标准铺的深度是零对24英寸(610 mm)边缘暴跌调整水力垂直的取决于的Sideplates，独立性在轨道清除分裂的模子里面，折叠运输的pressure-compensated sideplates旁边板材翼没有去除在轴上旋转的模子架置射线消灭重音点Self-supported TA水力驾驶与3.5英寸(89 mm)由六英寸(152 mm)冠决定的尖端螺丝在前后冠上在模子的T酒吧附有的辅助部件并且结构正直插入物与容易的模子汇编新的振荡器架置管随员T酒吧的定位销一起在前后被闩上在模子–垂直的振荡器推力与油膏zerks的–后方润滑系统容易接近从新工作的桥梁触击–在摊铺机框架足迹，模子的独立登上了与楔子锁系统的–新的模块设计在改变的宽度的舒适的– 10英寸(254 mm)水力高低调整–水力冠调整分布器犁登上了对摊铺机框架足迹，任意任意木钻可利用的堵塞器的酒吧

This one mode pays close attention to network credence foundation of the businessman very much.

这一模式非常关注商人的网络信用基础。

Cell morphology of bacterial ghost of Pasteurella multocida was observed by scanning electron microscopy and inactivation ratio was estimated by CFU analysi.

扫描电镜观察多杀性巴氏杆菌细菌幽灵和菌落形成单位评价遗传灭活率。