水准测量

GPS data were processed with BERNESE GPS software V4.2 developed at the Astronomical Institute of the University of Berne and QOCA Version 1.21 developed by Dr.

研究区内总共布设42个监测点，其中20个点位为GPS点；16个点位为精密水准点；6个点位实施GPS兼精密水准测量。

Geodetic leveling should be done with staves in which the divisions are marked on a strip of invar.

大地水准测量必须使用刻度标于不胀钢片上的水准标尺。

Geodetic levelling should be done with staves in which the divisions are marked on a strip of invar.

大地水准测量必须使用分划刻在因瓦带上的水准标尺。

In general the accuracy of geoidal heights, as given by spirit levelling, much exceeds that of any other system.

一般说来，水准测量测出的大地水准面高程的精度，远远超过任何其它方法的精度。

We found that the mean square error of difference value between GPS monitoring deformation and the second-order leveling surveying deformation is less than 1 mm, and there is a smaller systematic error between the ellipsoidal height deformation and the second-order leveling deformation ,whose value is about 0.5~1 mm; however, this system error does not affect the outcome of vertical deformation monitoring.

结果 得到的GPS监测变形量与水准测量变形量差值中误差＜1 mm，且GPS所测大地高变形量与二等水准测得的变形量间存在一个较小的系统偏差，其值在0.5~1 mm之间，该系统偏差不影响垂向变形监测的结果。

The completion of the foundation buried stone heads, four measurements, a flat wire measurement, substandard level of measurement, map the root control field data collection and data editing.

完成了基础埋石、首级四等测量、一级平面导线测量、等外水准测量、图根控制等野外数据采集以及数据编辑工作。

However, different systematic error has different scale and the influence degree is different.

在水准测量计算过程中，系统误差改正是一项影响精度不可忽视的重要因子，换言之，测量成果中若存在系统误差，将导致测量成果精度之降低。

This study thoroughly inspects reciprocal method and leap-frog method of EDM trigonometric leveling along with relationship between EDM height, ellipsoid height, and orthometric height. An experimental area with 200m, 400m and 600m span intervals were set up with vertical angle error ±1.5〞and EDM error ±（2mm+2×10-6×Smm）.

本研究规划实验区实地针对200m、400m、600m三种测段长，采用之全测站仪之垂直角中误差为±1.5〞，测距中误差为±（2mm+2×10-6×Smm），进行EDM三角高程测量，并对测量方法及观测成果精度进行分析，实际探讨短距离EDM三角高程代替水准测量的可能性。

It is introduced that with two total station instruments after transforming to set up the station arbitrarily,the deduction for formula and the calculation for error are made to evaluate the differences in elevation with the subtending measurement of trigonometric leveling .

介绍了用两台改造后的全站仪任意置站的方法进行三角高程对向测量求取高差的公式推导和误差计算，论述了用三角高程测量代替二、三等水准测量的可行方法，测量时不必量取仪器高、目标高，减少了三角高程的误差来源，加快了施测速度。

The neckline of a cardigan style jacket can also benefit from having its front neckline edges stabilized with a strip of interfacing.

大地水准测量必须使用刻度标于不胀钢片上的水准标尺。

This one mode pays close attention to network credence foundation of the businessman very much.

这一模式非常关注商人的网络信用基础。

Cell morphology of bacterial ghost of Pasteurella multocida was observed by scanning electron microscopy and inactivation ratio was estimated by CFU analysi.

扫描电镜观察多杀性巴氏杆菌细菌幽灵和菌落形成单位评价遗传灭活率。