氧化

In the one half part, according to the strontium nature, thermodynamic calculation of correlative reaction and the principle of the vacuum aluminothermy reduction process, with the laboratory findings of preparation strontium by vacuum aluminothermy reduction compared and analyzed in different parameter conditions, a variety of factors which effect the decomposition rate of SrCO_3 and the percent reduction of strontia are gotten out. The factors include that the decomposition rate of SrCO_3 is influenced by different addition and pressure. They also include that the percent reduction of strontia is influenced by excess coefficient of reducing agent aluminium powder, the particle size of raw material or reducing agent, the pressure of barbecuing, temperature and reduction time. According to those, we can draw the conclusion as follows:(1) Decomposition temperature of SrCO_3 is decreased by adding carbon and alumina in different degree.(2) With quantitative carbon added under the vacuum condition, the decomposition temperature of SrCO_3 is decreased obviously, which can fall 150℃ compared with atmospheric pressure.(3) In keeping 1150℃ of 2.5h, under the 5Pa vacuum condition, the decomposition rate of SrCO_3 nearly keeps in 99% steadily.

在前半部分的真空铝热还原法中，根据锶的性质、相关反应的热力学计算及真空铝热还原法原理，通过对不同参数条件下的真空铝热还原法生产金属锶的实验结果的分析比较，得出了影响SrCO_3的分解率和氧化锶的还原率的种种因素，具体因素包括不同添加剂、不同气压对SrCO_3分解率的影响，还原剂铝粉的过量系数、原料与还原剂的粒度、制团压力、温度和还原时间等对氧化锶还原率的影响，得出具体结论如下：(1)添加碳和Al_2O_3能不同程度的降低SrCO_3的分解温度；(2)真空条件下加入一定量的碳可显著降低SrCO_3的分解温度，比之常压下可降低150℃之多；(3)在1150℃恒温2.5h、真空度达到5Pa的条件下，SrCO_3的分解率几乎保持稳定在99％；(4)氧化锶的还原率随还原剂过量系数的增大而增大，但是趋势越来越小，当过量系数超过25％后，氧化锶的还原率几乎不再增加；(5)氧化锶的还原率随原料与还原剂的粒度的变细而增加；(6)氧化锶的还原率随制团压力的增加而增加，但超过一定值后，氧化锶的还原率反而会下降；(7)氧化锶的还原率随还原温度的升高而增加；(8)氧化锶的还原率随还原时间延长而增加，在本实验条件下，超过2.5h趋于稳定。

The results show that the oxidization weight increasing and oxidation time follow the parabolic law at 800℃, no surface oxidation film desquamates, and the oxidation rate is stable. While at boot, the oxidation kinetic curves approximately follow the parabolic law, oxide films begin to desquamate lightly and thickening, and the mass gains are about four times as those at 800℃.

结果表明，熔敷金属在800℃氧化时，氧化增重与氧化时间遵从抛物线规律，表面氧化膜无剥落，氧化速率较稳定；在1000℃氧化时，氧化增重与氧化时间近似遵从抛物线规律，表面氧化膜出现少量剥落，且氧化膜增厚，氧化增重是800℃氧化时的4倍左右。

Said lead tungstate crystal comprises tungsten oxide, lead monoxide, ytterbium oxide and zinc oxide; the molar ratio between tungsten oxide and lead monoxide is 1: 1, the doping amount of ytterbium oxide is 50 -300 ppm of the total weight of tungsten oxide and lead monoxide, the doping amount of zinc oxide is 50 -1050 ppm of the total weight of tungsten oxide and lead monoxide.

Yb和Zn双掺杂钨酸铅晶体由氧化钨、氧化铅、氧化镱和氧化锌制成；氧化钨与氧化铅的摩尔比为1∶1，氧化镱的掺杂量为氧化钨和氧化铅总质量的50～300ppm，氧化锌的掺杂量为氧化钨和氧化铅总质量的50～1050ppm。

Further oxidation treatment or reduction treatment of molybdenum dioxide nanowire arrays resulted in molybdenum trioxide nanowire arrays and molybdenum nanowire arrays. We fabricated WO3 nanowire arrays successfully by further oxidizing W18O49 nanowire arrays. Based on the vertical aligned zinc oxide nanowire arrays, we prepared the aligned zinc oxide/silicon core-shell nanowire arrays, zinc oxide nanowire-zinc silicate nanotube heterojunction arrays and zinc silicate nanotube arrays by adjusting the size of the templates as well as the annealing temperature.

我们通过氧化和还原处理二氧化钼纳米线阵列，分别合成了三氧化钼纳米线阵列和单质钼纳米线阵列；通过氧化W18O49纳米线阵列合成了三氧化钨纳米线阵列；利用氧化锌纳米线阵列作为模板，通过调节氧化锌纳米线模板的尺寸和退火温度，合成了氧化锌－硅同轴纳米线阵列、氧化锌纳米线－硅酸锌纳米管异质结阵列和硅酸锌纳米管阵列。

The influence of different assembled condition such as assembly method, concentration of zirconium source and pH value on the effectiveness of assembly were evaluated via DSC-TG, FT-IR, Uv-vis and SAXRD et al. It showed that the assembly effectivness of uncalcined 3 Si/Zr_10# sample was best.c The optical characteristic, which including light-conduction in infrared band and polarity in visible band, of dip-coating film and membrane assembled zirconia after processing parameters of assembly optimized were observed via FT-IR and Uv-vis. The polarity was characterized by polarizing angle through calculation from light-transmittance, light-reflectance and fresnel coefficient. qualitative analysis showed that the polarity of Si/Zr_10 # dip-coating film assembled was best.d Adopting zirconium oxychloride as zirconium source, CTAB as template, employing different CTAB adding sequence, two mesoporous zirconia samples were prepared. The template effect of two samples was discussed. It showed that the effect of the sample which CTAB adding sequence was same as mesoporous silica film was better. The light-conduction in infrared band of these samples was also studied, which offered comparison to the polarity of zirconium dioxide assembled within mesopore.

结果显示：组装条件优化后的uncalcined 3 Si/Zr_10#厚膜样组装效果最好，其组装液对应的pH值最利于该锆源离子模板交换组装； c选用FT-IR、Uv-vis对组装条件优化后纳米氧化锆/介孔氧化硅厚膜、纳米氧化锆/介孔氧化硅薄膜包括红外导光性、可见光区内的偏光性在内的光学特性进行了分析，其中偏光性以膜层透光性、反光性及菲涅耳系数计算出的偏振角即布儒斯特角表征，定性分析显示，Si/Zr_10#ZrO_2/介孔氧化硅厚膜偏光性最好； d以氧氯化锆ZrOCl_2·8H_2O为锆源，CTAB为模板剂，采用不同的模板剂加入顺序，探索性地制备两介孔氧化锆样，分析了两介孔氧化锆样的模板效果，得出模板剂加入顺序同介孔氧化硅薄膜时介孔氧化锆样的模板效果较好，并分析了所得样品的导光性，为锆氧粒子引起的附加光学特性分析提供了参考和对比。

Compared with that of 3Cr13 alloy, the oxidation resistance of the composites containing 5 vol.％TiC particle was improved greatly at 850℃, but the improvement was relatively limited at 950℃. But the oxidation resistance of 1Cr18Ni9 composites containing 5 vol.％ TiC particle was obviously improved at 950℃, and at 850℃ the improvement is not large. The TiC particle can improve the oxidation resistance mainly was by developing the oxidation selectiveness of the Cr element as to change the phase constitution of the oxidation film, to alleviate the production of the stress in the oxidation film and to improve the cohesive force of the oxidation film or matrix interface and the chemical combination of the oxidation film.

与3Cr13合金相比，含5％volTiC颗粒的复合材料在850℃的抗氧化性能得到大幅度提高，而在950℃复合材料的抗氧化性能提高作用却是有限的；与1Cr18Ni9合金相比，含5％volTiC颗粒的复合材料在850℃的抗氧化性能略有提高，而950℃复合材料的抗氧化性能提高却是明显的；TiC颗粒可以提高两种基体合金抗氧化性能，主要是通过促进Cr的选择性氧化，进而改变氧化膜的相组成、减缓氧化膜内应力的产生、增加氧化膜/基体界面凝聚力及提高氧化膜化学结合力而实现的。

In this thesis, three major achievements were made in theoretical study: conditions and rules for preparing nano-powders by chemical precipitation are analyzed from the point of view of thermodynamics and kinetics, the principle, standards and experimental method for the aqueous dispersion of nano-scaled metal oxide powders were proposed and verified, mathematical model of nano-filming addition of dopants by chemical coprecipitation was established. In experimental research, nm-ZnO, nm-Bi〓O〓, nm-Co〓O〓 and nm-MnO powder with spherical shape, narrow particle size distribution and small particle size were prepared successfully, highly stable and dispersive aqueous suspensoid of nm-ZnO, nm-TiO〓, nm-Co〓O〓 and nm-MnO powder were prepared successfully and surface modification on these nano-powders was also achieved, 0-3 nanocomposite ZnO varistors with nm-ZnO, nm-TiO〓and nm-MnO respectively were prepared successfully by conventional mechanical attrition, and exhibited much better electrical properties than those of conventional varistors.

综上所述，本文在理论研究方面取得了三项成果：（1）从热力学和动力学角度推导并分析了液相化学沉淀法制备纳米粉体的反应条件和规律，（2）提出了纳米氧化物的水分散体系的设计原理、规范和通用实验步骤，（3）提出了共沉淀的数学模型和计算方法；在实验方面所取得的成果有：（1）成功制备了粒度小、分布窄、形貌对称的纳米氧化锌、纳米氧化铋、纳米氧化钴和纳米氧化亚锰，（2）成功地制备了纳米氧化锌、纳米二氧化钛、纳米氧化钴和纳米氧化锰的高稳定分散悬浮液并实现了干粉体的表面改性，（3）成功地进行了纳米氧化锌、纳米二氧化钛和纳米氧化锰对压敏电阻的0—3复合掺杂实验，试样性能远优于常规压敏电阻，为实现压敏电阻的高能高压化提供了新的方法和思路。

Six experimental stages were designed in our procedure, those are:(1) metabolite recovery and tested sample preparation: the metabolites were recovered by Amberlite XAD-2 absorption, followed by MeOH elution and solvent concentration;(2) antioxidant detection and strain selection: samples were quantitatively analyzed by the inhibition effects on formation of lipid peroxides and TBARS to screen the strains able to produce antioxidants. According to the established screening methods, we chose out a strain of actinomycetes, designed as AMBL-029C;(3) antioxidant purification: the fermentation broth was recovered by a series of separation techniques including centrifugation, Amberlite XAD-2 absorption, followed by MeOH elution and a successive TLC purification. The resulting primary purified compound [temperately designed as AMBL-029C-TS] was further analyzed by HPLC to monitor its purity;(4) physical-chemical characteristics: judging from the acid-base fractionation experiments, and the pH and temperature stability tests, the compound was deduced to be a acidic compound with the properties of low polarity and highly pH and temperature stable;(5) mechanism of the antioxidant: in comparison with some other known antioxidants, TS was subjected to investigate its antioxidant mechanism, together with BHT,-tocopherol, as well as two streptomyces metabolites, homogentisic acid and -phenylpyruvic acid, which were previously isolated as the natural antioxidants in our laboratory.

针对本实验目的，我们设计了以下的实验步骤﹔（1）二次代谢物回收及检测样本处理：我们将发酵所得的培养上清液，利用疏水吸附性树酯Amberlite XAD-2吸附回收，并以甲醇溶离及真空减压浓缩脱水等方式处理，以取得提供抗氧化活性筛选之检测样本；（2）抗氧化活性检测及菌种筛选：以「过氧化脂质」和「硫丙二醯尿」的生成量进行定性定量分析以作为抗氧化物质生产菌筛选之用；经此筛选程序，我们选获了具有抗氧化物质高生产力的菌株，命名为AMBL-029C；（3）抗氧化物质的分离纯化：针对生产菌株的发酵回收处理液，以矽胶薄层色层分离法经物质层析纯化后，并以高效能液相层析法(High performance liquid chromatography；HPLC)分析物质可得一初级纯化物质，命名为AMBL-029C-TS；（4）抗氧化物质的物理化学性质分析：由酸碱转溶（acid-base fractionation）实验得知，此抗氧化物质属於中低极性的强酸性物质，对温度（37℃-100℃）及酸碱度（pH3.0-13.0）均表现出高稳定性；（5）在抗氧化机制探讨方面，我们针对数种不同的抗氧化机制进行探讨，即： 1。

Firstly the oxidation loss was controlled by the reaction between the coated C/C composites and oxygen. Secondly the oxidation loss was controlled by the producing and vaporing rate of the glass. The oxidation loss was lined with the oxidation time. Thirdly there were cracks in the coating and the deep of the coating was oxidated. The weight loss rate increased linearly and the matrix had been oxidated partly in the end.

氧化初期，涂层的表面开始氧化，氧化失重是一个受氧气和涂层的化学反应控制，表现为氧化增重；氧化中期，氧化失重受玻璃质的形成速度和蒸发速度控制，表现为缓慢的氧化失重，氧化失重与时间的关系为直线型；随后，涂层上出现裂纹的形成和愈合过程，涂层深层被氧化，表现为较快的氧化失重；最后，涂层被局部破坏，基体被部分氧化，氧化失重直线上升。

This thesis has chosen the H_2SO_4 anode oxidation. From degreasing, alkaline cleaning, neutralization, the effect of surface before hand treatment on the quality of surface anodizing treatment is discussed. From electrolyte concentration, electrolyte temperature, voltage, timing, additive, the effect of anodizing oxidation on the quality of surface treatment are discussed, From hole sealing liquid composition pH, value, timing, the effect of hole sealing on the quality of surface oxidation treatment are examined.

对氧化的各个工序进行了较详细的分析，通过脱脂、碱蚀、中和等表面预处理进行了详细的研究讨论，确定了三个预处理工序的最佳工艺控制参数；从阳极氧化机理着手，对阳极氧化电解液浓度，氧化电解液温度，氧化时间、电流密度，氧化电压，添加剂等对氧化质量的影响因素进行了分析；对化学氧化工艺进行了传统的铬酸盐-磷酸盐氧化法正交实验研究，讨论了各个氧化液成分对氧化膜性能的影响。

Fancy gold-plated dangling earrings with facetted White Opal crystals.

花式镀金悬垂耳环与facetted白欧泊水晶。

This essay chooses the study aim from biology teachers in middle school in Shi Jiazhuang which tells us that most of the middle school biology teachers in Shi Jiazhuang have the"burnout", lower successfulness, individualize.

本文选取石家庄市初中生物教师作为研究对象，运用问卷调查的方法对石家庄市初中生物教师职业倦怠的现状进行调查，调查结果发现，石家庄市初中生物教师这一群体普遍存在职业倦怠，情感枯竭程度偏高，成就感偏低，去个性化程度最为严重。