氟磷灰石

After the fluoride into the tooth germ, it is in the developmental stage with the enamel crystals react fluorapatite began to replace the hydroxyapatite.

进入后牙胚氟，它在牙釉质晶体的发展阶段，是氟磷灰石反应开始取代羟基磷灰石。

Machinable bioactive glass-ceramics containing mica and fluorapatite were prepared by high-temperature melting. The glass-ceramics were analyzed by means of X-ray diffractometry, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectrometer and Fourier transform infrared reflection spectrometry. The bending strength, hardness and fracture toughness of the materials were measured.

摘 要：采用高温熔铸法制备可加工生物活性云母/氟磷灰石玻璃陶瓷；用X射线衍射、扫描电镜和傅里叶变换红外光谱分析等手段对材料的相组成和微观形貌进行研究，测定材料的抗弯强度、硬度和断裂韧性等力学性能；采用体外模拟体液浸泡法测试材料的生物活性。

Machinable bioactive glass-ceramics containing mica and fluorapatite were prepared byhigh-temperature melting. The glass-ceramics were analyzed by means of X-ray diffractometry, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectrometer and Fourier transform infrared reflection spectrometry. The bending strength, hardness and fracture toughness of the materials were measured.

摘 要：采用高温熔铸法制备可加工生物活性云母/氟磷灰石玻璃陶瓷；用X射线衍射、扫描电镜和傅里叶变换红外光谱分析等手段对材料的相组成和微观形貌进行研究，测定材料的抗弯强度、硬度和断裂韧性等力学性能；采用体外模拟体液浸泡法测试材料的生物活性。

To evaluate the bioactivity of the glass-ceramics,the specimens were soaked in the simulated body fluid. The results indicate that fluorapatite shows needle-like microstructure, which is similar to that in human bone and teeth. The formation of needle-like fluorapatite is related to the heat treatment procedure, which results in needle-like fluorapatite crystals by accelerating one-dimension growth along the c-axis through the screw dislocation growth mechanism. The mechanical properties of the glass-ceramics are close to those of the human bone and teeth. The bioactivity test results show that apatite layer is precipitated on the materials surface after 3 d immersion in SBF, which indicates the glass-ceramics have a good bioactivity.

研究结果表明：氟磷灰石相呈针状，与人体骨和牙齿的磷灰石形貌相似，有利于提高材料的生物活性和生物相容性；氟磷灰石的形成是材料被迅速加热至高温进行热处理，使磷灰石以螺旋位错生长机制沿c轴晶化长大所致；经热处理获得的材料具有优良的力学性能，基本满足骨科和齿科用生物材料的性能要求；材料在体外模拟体液中浸泡3 d后，样品表面已有磷灰石层生成，表明该材料具有较高的生物活性。

SEM studies of all the three types demonstrate that this colloidal mineral is made up primarily of supermicroscopic low-carbonate fluorapatite aggregates, phosphate microframboids, and radiated fibrous apatite.

对不同矿石类型中胶磷矿做扫描电镜研究，得知胶磷矿主要由超微晶低碳氟磷灰石集合体、磷酸盐显微莓群以及纤维放射状磷灰石等构成。

A nonmetallic univalent element; usually a yellow irritating toxic flammable gas; a powerful oxidizing agent; recovered from fluorite or cryolite or fluorapatite.

一种非金属单价元素，通常为黄色的刺激性有毒易燃气体，氧化性极强，从萤石、冰晶石或氟磷灰石中回收。

The upper layer, with homogeneous composition, is mainly composed of intact phosphatic foraminifer fossils and nannofossils as well as abiotic carbonate fluorapatites, representing the biologic and autogenic origin. However, the lower layer, with visible metasomatic texture and relatively high Si, Al, K and Fe, is notably different from the upper one, and seems to have been formed mainly by replacement of carbonates.

上层磷酸盐由大量形态结构清楚的磷酸质有孔虫和超微化石以及非生物碳氟磷灰石组成，成分均一，杂质少，表现出生物成因和原生白沉积特点；下层磷酸盐变化复杂，具有特征的交代结构，混杂较高的Si、Al、K、Fe成分，显示以磷酸盐交代碳酸盐成因为主。

In this study, EPMA and LA-ICP-MS were used to determine the major and trace element concentrations, respectively, of apatites from Transhimalayan granitoids. The results indicate that F, Mn, Sr and REEs in apatites generally show good correlations with compositions of their host magmas and thus have high potential to be utilized as petrogenetic tracers. More specifically, F and Mn contents in apatites are covariant with the aluminosity of the host rocks so that can be used as an indicator for magma differentiation. Combining with Sr and REE data, which show significant variations in apatites from different rock types, these elements may be furthermore used to construct "discrimination diagrams" for more detailed investigations of complex petrogenetic processes such as magma mixing and compositional heterogeneity.

本研究中，电子微探以及雷射烧蚀感应耦合电浆质谱术分别被用以量测藏南火成岩中磷灰石的主量与微量元素含量，微区分析的结果显示，磷灰石的氟、锰、锶以及稀土元素均与岩浆源成分展现良好的对比关系，揭示了它们应用在岩石成因示踪上的优秀潜力：其中，磷灰石氟、锰含量的变化与原岩的铝饱和情形息息相关，因此可以作为岩浆分异程度的指标；而锶以及稀土元素则在不同岩石类型来源的磷灰石中展现了明显的丰度变化，因此综合这些元素将有机会进一步建立岩浆来源的「鉴别图」，甚而以此讨论岩石成因，例如：岩浆混合与源区组成的不均一性。

This thesis mainly studied on sulfamic acid catalyzed Cross-Aldol condensation, direct amidation of benzhydryl alcohol; solid base catalyzed synthesis of bisindoles was also discussed.

本论文主要讨论了磺氨酸催化下的Cross-Aldol反应；二苯甲醇的胺化反应；固体碱氟磷灰石催化的双吲哚甲烷衍生物的合成。

Studies show that the average ratio of w/w(P2O5)(1.62) of phosphates in submarine guyots is the same as that of w/w(P2O5)（1.621）of carbonate-fluorapatite, but is obviously different from that of w/w(P2O5)（1.318）of fluorine_carbonate, suggesting that the phosphates from northwestern Pacific are species of carbonate_fluorapatite.Three types of microneedle-microcolumnar, microgranular and microcryptocrystalline carbonate_fluorapatite with different abundances have been found.

海山磷酸盐的平均化学成分w/w(P2O5)（1.62）与碳氟磷灰石的w/w(P2O5)（1.621）几乎一致，而与氟磷灰石的w/w(P2O5)（1.318）相差甚远，表明海山磷酸盐为碳氟磷灰石，其形态主要有针状_柱状微晶碳氟磷灰石、粒状微晶碳氟磷灰石及显微隐晶质碳氟磷灰石3种类型，它们在分布丰度上存在差异。

According to the clear water experiment, aeration performance of the new equipment is good with high total oxygen transfer coefficient and oxygen utilization ratio.

曝气设备的动力效率在叶轮转速为120rpm～150rpm时取得最大值，此时氧利用率和充氧能力也具有较高值。

The environmental stability of that world - including its crushing pressures and icy darkness - means that some of its most famous inhabitants have survived for eons as evolutionary throwbacks, their bodies undergoing little change.

稳定的海底环境─包括能把人压扁的压力和冰冷的黑暗─意谓海底某些最知名的栖居生物已以演化返祖的样态活了万世，形体几无变化。