气道

Results The expression of TNF-α in HBE was activated by sputa from bronchiectatic patients and Zhikuoning Mixture might su...

结论支气管上皮细胞TNF-α表达在支气管扩张症发病中可能起到重要的作用；中药支扩宁合剂可抑制支气管上皮细胞TNF-α的表达，从而抑制支气管扩张症气道炎症反应，这可能是其疗效机理之一。

PS is mostly synthesized and secreted by alveolar typeⅡ cells and also by Clara cells in the peripheral airways to a lesser extent, and approximately 7% of alveolar surfactant reaches the bronchiolar tree via the mucociliary escalar.

PS主要由肺泡Ⅱ型上皮细胞产生，少部分由外周气道的Clara细胞产生，约7％的肺泡表面活性物质经纤毛运送到达细支气管。

Inflammation per se may be responsible for mild airflow limitation.7 8 9 Indeed, it has been suggested that inflammation may lead to functional bronchiolar constriction by releasing mediators that may act directly on bronchiolar smooth muscle.10 The chronicity of inflammation would, in turn, produce other changes such as airways fibrosis, and may increase the smooth muscle mass either directly as a result of inflammation or indirectly as a result of chronically increased muscle tone.

炎症本身导致了气流限速轻微下降。而事实上它提示了由于释放的介质直接作用于细支气管平滑肌上，炎症引起了功能性细支气管的缢痕。慢性炎症反多来又会产生气道纤维化等其他改变，这样无论是炎症反应的直接影响结果，还是慢性肌紧张增高的直接影响结果，都会增加平滑肌质量。

Whatever the situation, macrophages are elevated in the lungs of smokers and those patients with COPD, where they accumulate in the alveoli, bronchioli, and small airways.

无论什么情形，巨噬细胞在吸烟和COPD患者肺部都会增高，并会在肺泡，细支气管及小气道内积聚。

In COPD, the sensitivity of M〓 receptor mediated bronchoconstriction was increased.

这一因素在COPD患者气道胆碱能神经张力增高的发生中起一定的作用。

Leukotrienes are involved in the asthmatic response by binding to the CysLT1 receptor on the airway smooth muscles, causing bronchoconstriction.

它通过与气道平滑肌上的CysLT1受体结合参与哮喘的炎症反应而引起支气管收缩。

It will be demonstrated that these methods are able to monitor bronchoconstriction in safety-pharmacological tests or in asthma models showing early allergic response or late airway hyperresponsieness in response to inhaled allergens and demonstrate drug effects on pulmonary endpoints.

这些方法在安全药理学实验中可以监测支气管的收缩性，在吸入变应原的哮喘模型中可以显示早期的过敏反应和晚期的气道高反应性，并可以监测药物对肺功能的最终影响。

Stimulation of these afferents elicits diffuse and pronounced pulmonary reflex responses such as cough, bronchoconstriction, and mucus secretion.

刺激此类感觉神经会引发多种的呼吸反射，例如：咳嗽、气道收缩及黏液分泌等。

More recently, the level of adenosine has been shown to be increased its attack in asthmatics, and which played an important role in bronchoconstriction of asthmatic patients.

进一步研究发现腺苷可通过作用于肥大细胞膜上的A2B腺苷受体(A2BAR)，促进肥大细胞释放白介素8(Interleukin-8， IL-8)等细胞因子，引发气道的炎症过程。

The outpouring of mucus from hypertrophied bronchial submucosal glands, the bronchoconstriction , and dehydration all contribute to the formation of mucus plugs that can block airways in asthmatic patients.

支气管黏膜下层的腺体肥大分泌黏液，支气管壁的破坏和脱水均有助于黏液栓的形成并阻塞哮喘病人的气道。

Breath, muscle contraction of the buttocks; arch body, as far as possible to hold his head, right leg straight towards the ceiling (peg-leg knee in order to avoid muscle tension).

呼气，收缩臀部肌肉；拱起身体，尽量抬起头来，右腿伸直朝向天花板（膝微屈，以避免肌肉紧张）。

The cost of moving grain food products was unchanged from May, but year over year are up 8%.

粮食产品的运输费用与5月份相比没有变化，但却比去年同期高8％。