气管囊

objective to analyze the ct appearance of thyroid carcinoma and the differential diagnosis of various thyroid disease.methods 83 cases of thyroid carcinoma and 119 cases of various benign disease with surgical and pathologically proved were analyzed retrospectively.results the ct findings of 83 cases of thyroid carcinoma include:ill defined nodules boundary (n=62),irregular necrosis(n=59),cystic(n=23),"peninsula" enhancing tubercles around the tumour(n=25),"mastoid" tubercles around the tumour(n=11),calcification(n=55) including large scale(n=27) and local(n=28),trachea invasion(n=15),neck or supraclavicular lymph node metastasis(n=27),the accurate of ct to differentia benignancy from malignancy on thyroid disease was 93.6%(189/202).conclusions "peninsula" enhancing tubercles was the characteristic sing of thyroid carcinoma,"mastoid" enhancing tubercles or large scale calcification was the affirmative sign,the ct signs was vary useful to differentiating thyroid disease.

摘 要］目的：分析甲状腺癌的ct表现及鉴别诊断要点。方法：回顾性分析经手术病理证实的83例甲状腺癌和119例甲状腺良性病变的ct表现，归纳总结不同病变的ct特征。结果：83例甲状腺癌中：边界不清62例，不规则坏死59例，囊性变23例，出现"半岛状"强化结节25例，"乳头状"强化结节11例，钙化55例(其中弥漫性钙化27例、局灶钙化28例)，侵犯气管15例，颈部或锁骨上淋巴结肿大27例，ct对甲状腺病变的良恶性鉴别诊断符合率93.6%(189/202)。结论："半岛状"强化结节是甲状腺癌的特征性表现，"乳头状"强化结节及弥漫性钙化可做为甲状腺癌的肯定性征象，掌握各种甲状腺病变的ct表现特点，对病变的定性诊断及鉴别诊断具有重要意义。

Flexible bronchoscope balloon dilatation is an efficient, safe, simple and rapid method for treatment of benign TBS.

经支气管镜球囊扩张术是一项有效、安全、简便的治疗良性气管支气管狭窄的方法。

To observe the efficacy and safety of balloon dilatation using a flexible bronchoscope in the management of benign tracheobronchial stenosis.

目的 观察经支气管镜球囊扩张术治疗良性气管支气管狭窄的疗效和安全性。

In 30 liver tissues,there was 26 positive samples in the control,and 30 positive in the infected chickens.In 30 trachea tissues,there was 19 positive samples in the control,and 24 positive in the infected flock.In 30 Fabricius'bursa tissues,there was only 9 positive samples in the control,and 21 positive in the infected chickens.

在肝组织中，对照组的30个样品检测到26个阳性样品，而感染组的30个样品全都是阳性；在气管组织中，对照组30个样品检测到19个阳性样品，而感染组的30个样品检测到24个阳性样品；在腔上囊组织中，Gal-4基因的诱导表达情况非常明显，对照组30个样品中仅有9个阳性，而感染组的30个样品中有21个阳性。

Then, a standard pilot balloon was inflated with cuff pressure by 25 cm H2O, each participant was allowed to palpate the pilot balloon, until confident. After training, the same measurements were performed immediately, one week and one month later.

接著我们将气囊充气到压力值25 cm H2O，然后让每位受试者以手指头触感学习此时适当理想的气管内囊压力，直到他们觉得可以，接著以相同方式在学习完后立刻，一周后、一个月后来测量受试者对的气管内囊充气之压力。

The new recommendation presented for the use of second generation Microcuff with improved OD to ID ratio allows the selection of cuffed tracheal tubes with larger IDs than previously recommended for small children without increased need for tracheal tube exchange or increased incidence of post intubation stridor in these age groups .

这一新的推荐套囊导管，即使用改善外径和内径比的第二代微囊PETs，比以前推荐的管子用于较小的儿童时，可以选择更大内径的套囊气管导管而不会增加相同年龄组气管导管的更换率或增加插管后喘鸣的发生率。

The new recommendation presented for the use of second-generation Microcuff PETs with improved OD to ID ratio allows the selection of cuffed tracheal tubes with larger IDs than previously recommended for small children without increased need for tracheal tube exchange or increased incidence of post-intubation stridor in these age groups .

这一新的推荐套囊导管，即使用改善外径和内径比的第二代微囊PETs，比以前推荐的管子用于较小的儿童时，可以选择更大内径的套囊气管导管而不会增加相同年龄组气管导管的更换率或增加插管后喘鸣的发生率。

Tubes can be cuffed or uncuffed. Cuffed tubes are appropriate for adults andolder children. Uncuffed tubes are used for younger patients (those requiring atube smaller than 5.5 mm).1,2 After inserting a cuffed tube, you must inflate theballoon on the distal end to create a seal between the tube and the tracheal lumen.This seal will prevent leakage of air and aspiration of gastric contents.

可以使用有套囊的插管或无套囊的插管，有套囊的插管适用于成人或年长儿无套囊的插管，无套囊的插管则用于年幼儿（插管直径小于5.5 mm）插入有套囊的插管后，应注入气体使套囊膨胀，封闭气管和插管之间的腔隙，这可以避免漏气及胃内容物的吸入。

Methods First, 704 patients receiving CO2 laryngeal laser operation from July 2, 2003 to August 21, 2008 were enrolled, and their risk events and causes were systematically analyzed. Second, in vitro experiment, we tested the tolerance of the PVC tube against different CO2 laser energy in different cutting patterns when the cuff was inflated in water or air. We also tested the combustion conditions of the PVC tube in different oxygen concentration, laser energy and cutting patterns. Results Tracheal cuff were punctured by the laser in 92 of all 704 cases. Spark and dense smoke were observed in 8 and 37 cases respectively.

一是统计和分析我院2003年7月2日至2008年8月21日进行的704例喉二氧化碳激光手术所发生的危险情况；二是通过体外试验，观察注水和注空气时气管导管套囊在不同激光能量和不同激光切割方式下对二氧化碳激光的耐受情况，以及PVC气管导管在不同氧浓度、不同激光能量和不同激光切割方式下的燃烧情况。

Aim of investigation: High tracheal tube cuff pressure may cause tracheal damage.

研究目的：过高的气管内囊压力常造成气管的伤害。

I didn't watch TV last night, because it .

昨晚我没有看电视，因为电视机坏了。

Since this year, in a lot of villages of Beijing, TV of elevator liquid crystal was removed.

今年以来，在北京的很多小区里，电梯液晶电视被撤了下来。