气化

To solve the existing problems concerning cone bottom bricks, quenching ring and the vertical pipe in Chinese-built coal gasifiers based on coal-water slurry, countermeasures were put forward from the aspects of technical innovation, operation and equipment management.

针对国产化大氮肥水煤浆气化炉中锥底砖、激冷环和下降筒使用过程中出现的问题，分析了损毁原因，分别从技术改进、工艺操作和设备管理等方面提出了相应的解决对策，可以不同程度地延长锥底砖、激冷环、下降筒的寿命。

CO is present in the exhaust gases of internal combustion engines and furnace s.

由于内燃机和各种炉子中的碳或含碳燃料未完全转化为二氧化碳，而在其废气中含有一气化碳。

This time the fund raising is mainly used to construct two advanced gasification stoves which demand 1,000 tons coal per day to substitute the original fixed bed intermittence gasifier. And simultaneously depending on the rich coal resource of Xinzheng, realize localization of raw material coal, increase 2 set of 180,000 ton/year synthesis nitrogen and 600,000 ton/year large urea productivity, and construct one 240 ton/hour of high temperature and high pressure circulation fluid bed boiler to substitute the low efficiency boiler and 1 60MW afterheat comprehensive utilization unit in order to improve the chemical fertilizer installment power structure.

本次募集资金主要用于建设2台日投煤1000吨先进煤气化炉替代原固定床间歇气化炉，同时依托新郑丰富的煤炭资源，实现原料煤本地化，增加2套18万吨/年合成氨，60万吨/年大颗粒尿素生产能力，同时建设1台240吨/时高温高压循环流化床锅炉，替代低效锅炉和1台60MW余热综合利用机组，改造化肥装置动力结构。

The plasma ignition threshold of metal is got through experimental and numerical study. The vapour and plasma ignition times of the target are got based on the equation of heat conduction and cascade model. We suppose that the plasma is ignited when generations of new electrons are born in vapour generation time. The influence of temperature on the thermodynamics and optics parameters of material also have been considered in the model. The resulting theory has good agreement with the experiment and overseas report. A blade method to measure the laser spot is given in this paper with validation and error analysis. The plasma threshold of metals in atmosphere and water ambients both are diagnosed with the light deflection and piezoelectric transducer. A Q-switched pulsed Nd:YAG laser operating at infrared (1064nm), visible(532nm) and ultraviolet (355nm) wavelengths has been used. Al、Fe、Cu are used as targets and get a similar results with both method. Theoretical and experimental analyses are applied on the influence of wavelength on the threshold have been done, both of which have shown that the plasma threshold of metals decrease as the laser wavelength increases; The plasma threshold of metals are higher in water than in air and the pressure of the shock wave in water is five times higher than in air .

从热传导方程和雪崩电离机制出发，假设当电子增值210倍时，考虑了温度对材料热力学和光学参数的影响时，得到了气化和等离子体点燃的时间，利用该模型进行计算得到的结果与国内外报道及自行通过实验测得的阈值基本一致；提出了利用刀刃法测量激光光斑面积的方法，并通过实验进行了验证和误差分析；利用光偏转装置和压电换能器分别对空气和水中金属等离子体点燃阈值进行了实验诊断，激光器均为调Q－YAG激光器（波长1064nm，532nm，355nm，脉宽10ns），靶材分别为Al、Fe和Cu，两种测试方法得到的等离子体点燃阈值基本一致；本文从实验和理论计算两个方面讨论了波长对等离子体点燃阈值的影响，均得到了等离子体点燃阈值随著波长的增加而减小的结论；对空气中和水中不同环境下金属等离子体的点燃阈值进行了比较研究，得到了金属在水中的等离子体点燃阈值比空气中的大，且水中产生的冲击波的压强是空气中的5倍左右的结论。

The differences of gasification efficiency between different type biomasses were analyzed.

同时讨论了运行时间、生物质类型、颗粒大小、反应器壁面、灰分等因素对气化结果的影响。

In this paper, effect of dispersion rate on briquet quality and different factors which influence dispersion rate of sewage sludge in fine coal were studied.

研究了活性污泥在粉煤中分散性的影响因素，以及分散性对气化用型煤质量的影响。

Some of the hottest material, residing so close to the sun that it almost vaporized, sped out to the chilliest reaches of deep space.

一些最为炽热的物质与太阳靠得近在咫尺，差不多气化了，喷涌而出，到达了最冷冽的外层太空。

Biomass gas power generation technology is a renewable energy technology which is using gasification technology change a variety of agricultural, forestry wastes (such as rice husk, wood chips, straw, dung, garbage, sewage) into combustible gas, through deducting decoking, dehydration, cooling, purification process, the purified gas as a gas engine fuel to drive generator and change the heat into electricity.

生物质气体发电机组技术是一种可再生能源利用技术，是将多种农、林业废弃物（如食用菌菇菇肥、谷壳、木屑、秸秆、畜粪、生活垃圾、污水）利用气化技术转化为生物质气，通过除尘、除焦、脱水、冷却等净化过程，作为气体发动机的生物质燃料燃烧作功，带动发电机发电，将生物质能转化为电能。

According to the experimental results the reaction mechanism of gasification is proposed: firstly, the catalyst releases an oxygen atom from its rich-oxygen site to combine with a carbon atom and create a CO, then the CO molecule desorbs from the catalyst surface; next, the catalyst absorbs a CO2 molecule; and finally on the catalyst surface another CO molecule is created and the original rich-oxygen site gets an oxygen atom. On the basis of gasification process the material balance equations were built, which were solved by using numerrical integral methods and the reaction rate constants for four steps were obtained: they are 0.0703mol·g-1·min-1·kPa-1, 0.0959mol·g-1·min-1·kPa-1, 0.00539 mol·g-1·min-1 and 0.0321 mol·g-1·min-1·kPa-1 respectively.

根据实验结果推导得出了该反应过程是催化剂表面富氧活性部位先与煤焦反应生成一个CO分子，然后此CO分子从催化剂表面脱附，接着催化剂吸附气态的CO2生成一个CO并且夺得一个氧原子实现自身还原的过程，在此基础上建立了煤的催化气化的物料平衡方程组，对各步骤的反应速率常数进行了求解，在本文采用的实验条件下，各反应步骤的反应速率常数分别为0.0703 mol·g-1·min-1·kPa-1；0.0959 mol·g-1·min-1·kPa-1；0.00539 mol·g-1·min-1·kPa-1； 0.0321mol·g-1·min-1·kPa-1。

Gasification and suffocation of water mist play critical roles in the process of pool fire suppression by water mist.

在细水雾扑灭油盆火灾的过程中，水雾气化和窒息起主要作用。

Breath, muscle contraction of the buttocks; arch body, as far as possible to hold his head, right leg straight towards the ceiling (peg-leg knee in order to avoid muscle tension).

呼气，收缩臀部肌肉；拱起身体，尽量抬起头来，右腿伸直朝向天花板（膝微屈，以避免肌肉紧张）。

The cost of moving grain food products was unchanged from May, but year over year are up 8%.

粮食产品的运输费用与5月份相比没有变化，但却比去年同期高8％。