气凝胶

It is revealed that a certain amount of excessive formamide is favorable for preparation of the aerogel with high porosity, while more excessive glycol can deteriorate the formation of nano-porous SiO2 aerogel network. Additionally, the pH value of the reaction system has a strong impact on the microstructure and properties of prepared SiO2 aerogel.

研究发现：微过量的甲酰胺，有利于高孔隙率气凝胶的合成；过量的乙二醇的引入不利于低密度气凝胶的形成；pH值对合成气凝胶的性质也有较大的影响。

With the addition of hexamethylenetetramine, an ambient pressure drying technique was developed for the fabrication of resorcinol-formaldehyde-based carbon aerogels.

以间苯二酚和甲醛为反应物、六次甲基四胺HMTA为催化剂、去离子水为溶剂，所合成的间苯二酚－甲醛凝胶能够在常压条件下直接进行干燥得到有机气凝胶；并经炭化，得到炭气凝胶。

Producted RF and CRF aerogels by process of sol-gel technics, dynamic-exchange, CO2 supercritical drying, and procedural increase in temperature carbonization methods, which have eximious capability and nanometer network structure; Systemic analysis various factors which effect gel course, such as ratio of reactants and the dosage of catalyst, and probed into the better experiments conditions(the concentration of resorcinol and formaldehyde is more than 2% and the value of R/C is between 50 and 300); During gel course , primary investigated the viscosity curve and particle size distribution of sol-solution, and analyzed the reason of catalyst dosage effects particle size of gel, and confirmed that the up-growth of gel follows the theory of " polymerize increase ".The experiment results indicated that ultrasonic with unvarying temperature disposal shortened gel time and optimized quality of gels, and the factors of ultrasonic effect gel reaction velocity were analyzed; Prepared organic aerogels using compounds of resorcin and hydroquinone substitute resorcinol reacts with formaldehyde the first time, and also optimized the proportion of resorcinol and hydroquinone (the proportion of hydroquinone in 10%～40%).

采用溶胶-凝胶工艺结合动态溶剂交换、CO2超临界流体干燥与程序升温碳化方法制备出性能优良、具有纳米网络结构的RF与CRF气凝胶；深入研究了反应物配比催化剂用量等条件对凝胶过程的影响，得到了较佳的RF凝胶制备条件(RF浓度应大于2%，R/C值取50～300)；初步研究了凝胶过程中的粘度、粒径变化情况，分析了催化剂用量影响凝胶中粒子尺度的原因，在实验上印证了凝胶生长遵循"聚增长"的理论；通过引入超声波改进了RF气凝胶的制备工艺，缩短了凝胶反应时间，提高了凝胶品质，并探讨了超声波促进RF凝胶反应作用的原因；首次用对苯二酚与间苯二酚复配制备了混合有机气凝胶，优化出复配比(对苯二酚含量为10%～40%)。2。

Phenolic-doped melamine-formaldehyde aerogels were investigated by adding resorcin to MF sol before the formation of crosslink. The solvents in wet gel were then exchanged with ethanol.

以三聚氰胺和甲醛为原料制备MF气凝胶，在凝胶化过程中加入酚类化合物对MF体系进行改性，获得相应的湿凝胶，湿凝胶经超临界干燥，制备出密度为最低可达50 kg·m-3的酚改性MF气凝胶。

Metal/ oxide composite aerogels can be used as catalysts because of their high specific surface area. In this paper, Co-rich Co/SiO2 composite aerogels in which mass fraction of Co can reach 66%were firstly prepared by sol - gel process of Co-containing tetraethyl orthosilicate. The influence of H2O, catalyst, solvent and composition of Co-containing tetraethyl orthosilicate on the sol-gel process are discussed.

本工作首次采用含钴硅酸乙酯进行溶胶～凝胶反应来制备高钴含量的纳米级Co/SiO2复合气凝胶，制备的Co/SiO2复合气凝胶中n：n的比例最高可达2：1，且复合气凝胶中的Co含量可在小于66％的范围内任意调节，并系统研究了水量、催化剂浓度、溶剂量及含钴硅酸乙酯的组成对溶胶-凝胶过程的影响。

However, compared with inorganic aerogels the catagories of organic aerogels is very lack and the capacity to sock hydrogen is weaker, so hydroquinone is used to synthesize organic aerogels and the carbon aerogels are adulterated to improve their socking hydrogen capacity.

本文突破传统有机气凝胶的工艺过程，改进实验条件，将对苯二酚成功引入到有机气凝胶结构中，拓宽气凝胶的研究种类和应用范围，同时，在碳气凝胶中进行掺杂以提高碳气凝胶的储氢性能。

The orthogonal experiment for carbonization process indicated that the heating rate and the final carbonization temperature showed more significant influence on the properties of aerogels than the holding time did.

采用IR分析技术跟踪C〓F气凝胶的热解过程，发现400～600℃之间样品中出现石墨化结构的红外活性振动，表明炭气凝胶的微结构中开始有乱层石墨化微晶出现。C〓F气凝胶是典型的中孔材料。

The microstructures of the new developed carbon aerogels was investigated by means of low-temperature N_2 adsorption, TEM, XRD, XPS and etc. We studied the influence of synthesis conditions on the aerogels structure, such as reactant mass percent, catalyst concentration, carbonization process and supersonic.

采用低温N_2吸附、TEM、XRD和XPS等手段研究了碳气凝胶的微观结构特点，考察了反应物质量分数、催化剂浓度、碳化过程对气凝胶孔结构的影响，同时还研究了超声作用对气凝胶微观结构的影响。

After a reaction time of about 100 min at room temperature, the silica sol was transformed into solgel, which was dried by supercritical drying technique to obtain woodnano-SiO2 aerogel. The chemical structure of wood-nano-SiO2 aerogels were studied by Fourier Transformation Infrared Spectroscopy.

应用FTIR方法对上述溶胶-凝胶法木材-SiO2气凝胶复合材料的结构进行了表征，结果表明，复合材料的FTIR特征基本上是由木材与SiO2气凝胶谱图加合而产生的，没有得到木材与SiO2气凝胶产生化学结合的明确证据，但是观察到气凝胶中Si-OH结构信息（844cm^-1）；部分木材-SiO2气凝胶复合材料试样中1735cm。

In addition, the ingredients have been tested by the IR spectra which show the probability of the nano-porous structure. SEM pictures, specific surface areas and distribution of pore diameter have been tested to study the nano-porous structures in surface and some data before and after the pyrolyzing process have been gained: the size of the organic aerogel is 30~50nm, that of the carbon aerogel is about 10nm, the specific surface area increases from 341.77m^2/g to 452.75m^2/g, the density increases from 0.1708g/cm^3 to 0.3356g/cm^3 respectively.

借助有机气凝胶的红外光谱研究了其化学结构，说明其网孔结构形成的可能性；研究了有机气凝胶的扫描电镜图像、比表面积及孔径分布等，并得到碳化前后的一些对比数据：有机气凝胶颗粒大小30~50nm，碳化后约为10nm，比表面积从341.77平方公尺/g增大到452.75平方公尺/g，密度从0.1708g/立方公分增大到0.3356g/立方公分。

The absorption and distribution of chromium were studied in ryeusing nutrient culture technique and pot experiment.

采用不同浓度K2CrO4(0，0.4，0.8和1.2 mmol/L)的Hoagland营养液处理黑麦幼苗，测定铬在黑麦体内的亚细胞分布、铬化学形态及不同部位的积累。

By analyzing theory foundation of mathematical morphology in the digital image processing, researching morphology arithmetic of the binary Image, discussing two basic forms for the least structure element: dilation and erosion.

通过分析数学形态学在图像中的理论基础，研究二值图像的形态分析算法，探讨最小结构元素的两种基本形态：膨胀和腐蚀；分析了数学形态学复杂算法的基本原理，把数学形态学的部分并行处理理念引入到家实际应用中。