气候区

Climatic gradients were based on data sets from 841 meteorological stations throughout China. Definitions for floristic distributional patterns were based upon the work of Prof. Z. Y. Wu. Most of these floristic distributional patterns were strongly correlated with the geographic gradients in climate, except for cosmopolitan, cultivated and invasive genera. Tropical genera form a large fraction of the total genera (ranging from 0.84% to 94.38% in the regional floras) with the highest proportion in southern Yunnan and Hainan Island. Tropical genera occur predominantly in southern China of 0° N latitude and decreased with increasing latitude, as would be expected. Interestingly, the disjunct Tropical Asia and Tropical America distribution were not restricted to southern latitudes. Temperate genera account for 5.1% to 98.83% of the total genera in regional floras with the highest proportion in the province of Xinjiang. Most of these genera followed geographic gradients in climate as expected (temperate genera conspicuously dominate the landscape at higher latitudes), except the East Asian and North American disjunct distribution, Eastern Asian distribution and Chinese endemic distribution. Generally, most plant genera demonstrated some correlation with climatic and geographic gradients. The most important gradients were those of annual air temperature and precipitation. A small fraction did not demonstrate significantly particular pattern:"Cosmopolitan","East Asian and North American disjunct","Eastern Asian" and "Chinese endemic" distributions. The North Temperate distribution had the highest correlation with mean annual air temperature and precipitation.

结果如下：(1)除世界分布、栽培和入侵成分外，大部分中国种子植物属的地理成分的分布与地理相关密切；(2)热带分布属（泛热带分布、热带亚洲至热带美洲间断分布、旧世界热带分布、热带亚洲至热带大洋洲分布、热带亚洲至热带非洲分布及热带亚洲分布合计）占各地方植物区系的0.84%到94.38%，其最低值出现在中国西北部的新疆和青海地区，最高值出现在中国云南南部和海南；(3)热带分布属在＜北纬30°的地区占优势，除热带亚洲至热带美洲间断分布外，其它热带成分随纬度增加迅速减少；(4)温带分布属（北温带分布、东亚和北美间断分布、旧世界温带分布、温带亚洲分布、地中海区、西亚到中亚分布、中亚分布和东亚分布合计）占各地方植物区系的5.1%至98.83%，其最高值出现在中国西北部的新疆地区，最低值出现在中国云南南部和海南；(5)除东亚和北美间断分布、东亚分布和中国特有分布外，其它温带成分随纬度增加迅速增加；(6)在温带成分中，东亚和北美间断分布及东亚分布属主要出现在中国亚热带到暖温带地区，北温带分布、旧世界温带分布和温带亚洲分布属在中国北部占优势，而地中海区、西亚到中亚分布和中亚分布属则在中国西北部占优势；(7)除世界分布、东亚和北美间断分布、东亚分布和中国特有分布外，所有其他成分都显示了与气候因素密切相关，其中，北温带分布属与年均温和年降雨量最为密切相关。

This study provided a new research way and predictive framework for interpreting the complex climate and vegetation of Taiwan, and raised some remedial suggestions. The climatic grid layers, plot-data transforming program, physiognomic classification scheme of vegetation, ecoclimatic indices, moisture-thermal distribution of plants, and PNV map resulted from this study could facilitate further the managements and researches of the natural resources.

本研究为了解台湾气候及植群类型之空间分布提供一种新的研究途径与预测架构，同时检讨研究限制并提出改善建议，研究过程所得之气象资料检定程序、气候网格图层、样区资料整合程序、植群形相分类方案、生态气候指标、树种水热境制、PNV图层等成果也有助於自然资源之经营管理与科学研究。

We selected 15 representative floras from different climatic zones from north to south, and did DCA ordination between the Reserve flora and them. It showed that both spermatophyte flora and pteridophyte flora of the Reserve were more close to some southern floras, which located in much lower latitudes.

将之与我国不同气候带15代表性地点的植物区系进行DCA排序，发现其种子植物区系与蕨类植物区系组成都与更低纬度的一些区系更相近，表现出强烈的热带残遗性和亲缘性。

The eco-physiological characteristics of drought endurance of Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica were studied under different climatic regions, soil water and leaf water condition.Furthemore,the response and adaptability of trees to water stress was done.The below showed the results. 1 The parameters of drought endurance of P. sylvestris var. mongolica was measure and studied by PV technology in the subhumid, semiarid and arid regions The results indicated the osmotic potentials at water saturation condition and at the initial loss turgor decreased as the climatic drought degree increased,and related linearly with the climatic moisture index.It was proved that the drought endurance of P. sylvetris var. mongolica was varible and the elevation of the osmotic adjust capability was a main way to the adaptation of trees to the drought climatic environment.

本文研究了樟子松(Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica)的主要耐旱生理生态特征在不同地区、不同土壤水分状况和叶水分状况下的变化，进而研究了樟子松对水分胁迫的反应和适应，结果如下： 1 应用 PV 技术对半湿润区、半干旱区和干旱区樟子松耐旱性指标测定研究指出，水饱和总体渗透势和初始失膨点总体渗透势随着气候干旱程度增加而增加，与气候湿度指标呈直线相关，证明了樟子松属于耐旱性可变的树种，渗透调节能力增加是其对干旱气候适应的主要途径。

Because of the regional difference of soil and climatic conditions, the division of 4 stages of soil moisture circulation is not all the same between different areas; the soil moisture dynamics between different dry farming areas in the Yellow River Basin is contrasted in this report. The results indicate that soil moisture increases gradually from dry semi-arid area to semi-arid area, dry semi-humid area and semi-humid area, and the high value district generally appears during soil moisture resuming period in rainy season or soil melting period. While the low value district appears at the stage of fast evaporation in spring or slow evaporation in autumn; in views of vertical changes of soil moisture, it is showed that the variation range of upper lays is larger than that of lower among the different dry farming areas in the Yellow River Basin.

由于各区域之间土壤、气候条件的差异，各地土壤水分循环4个阶段的划分也不尽相同；黄河流域不同旱作类型区土壤水分动态变化比较结果表明：就季节变化而言(来源：A70b0B0bC论文网www.abclunwen.com)，由半干旱偏旱区→半干旱区→半湿润偏旱区→半湿润区土壤水分含量呈逐渐增加的变化趋势，而且高值区一般出现在雨季恢复阶段或春季土壤融冻返浆时期；而低值区均出现在春季大量蒸发阶段或秋季缓慢蒸发阶段；就垂直变化而言，黄河流域不同旱作类型区土壤水分垂直变化的趋势均表现为上层变化幅度较下层大。

It is distributed only in Yuanbaoshan mountain in northern Guangxi. Abies yuanbaoshanensis having survived the Quaternary Period Ice-age is significant not only to studying the occurrence and evolution of the Chinese ancient south plant flora but also to the ancient climate and geography.

元宝山冷杉是第四纪冰期幸存下来的濒危物种，在广西的发现，对于研究我国南方古代植物区系的发生和演变，以及古气候、古地理有重要意义，特别是对第四纪冰期气候的探讨有学术价值，它是研究气候变化和植物变迁的依据，是活化石。

The single-celled phytoplankton included 116 inshore wide distribution species, 31 inshore warm-water species and 26 inshore temperate species, and the vascular plants were of 6 ecological groups, i.e., halophtes (24 species), hydrophtes (22 species), amphiphytes (35 species ), mesopllytes (103 species), zerophytes (6 species), and psammons (4 species). Halophtes, hydrophtes, and amphiphytes were the edificators and dominants, reflecting the azonal feature of the wetland vegetations. The vascular plants were divided into 5 life-forms, including 20 phaenerophytes, 4 chamaephytes, 54 hemicryptophytes, 48 geophytes and 68 therophytes, among which, hemicryptophytes and geophytes accounted for 52.58%, reflecting the relatively important function of cold and wet climate and local water-accumulated bottomland environment on the vascular flora formation.

区系中的单细胞浮游藻类包括近岸广布种116种、近岸暖水种31种、近岸温带种26种；维管束植物被划分为6大生态类群，包括盐生植物24种、水生植物22种、湿生植物35种、中生植物103种、旱生植物6种、沙生植物4种，保护区内湿地植被的建群种、优势种均为水生植物、湿生植物或盐生植物，反映了湿地植被的隐域性；维管束植物按照生活型划分，有20种高位芽植物、4种地上芽植物、54种地面芽植物、48种地下芽植物和68种1年生植物，其中地面芽植物、地下芽植物占区系植物总种数的比例较高，占52.58%，反映冷湿气候和局部低洼积水环境对区系的形成起较重要作用。

At last. on the basis of comprehensive studies of the glacial, lake, periglacial phenomena .palaeosols and paleontology in the research areas. the late stadial of the Last Glaciation can be divided into three periods: the early phase, 25000-20000a. B. P.. with the cold and wet climatic conditions; the middle phase, the full of last glacial maximum. 20000-16000a. B. P., with the cold and dry climatic conditions; and the late phase, 16000 10000a. B.P., with the warm and dry climatic conditions besides the Younger Dryas event.

最后，根据对研究区的冰川、湖泊、冰缘现象、古土壤和古生物等在末次盛冰期中的发育、演化状况的综合分析，把末次盛冰期大致划分为三个阶段：早期，25000-20000a.B.P。，气候条件主要表现为冷湿；中期，20000-16000a.B.P。，气候条件主要表现为冷干；晚期16000-10000a.B.P，气候条件主要表现为温干，但Younger Dryas事件也有反映。

Delineation result based on the improved ant clustering indicated that the study area could be partitioned into two irrigation management zones. Soil field capacity, saturation moisture content and permanent wilting point in Zone I were greater than those in Zone II, which indicated that soil in Zone I had stronger drought resistance than that in Zone II under the same climate conditions. Delineation of irrigation management zones could provide references and data support for site-specified irrigation management.

改进的蚁群聚类分区结果表明，研究区可划分成2个灌溉管理分区，I区土壤的田间持水率、饱和含水率和凋萎含水率均较II区大，表明在相同的气候条件下，I区的土壤耐旱能力较II区强，分区结果可以为精准灌溉的分区管理提供参考依据和数据支持。

Analysis of sedimentary facies and the multiple proxy indexes indicate that climate have many times dry-cold and warm-wet changes in the desert-loess transition belt since the last interglacial, and environment undergone alternations from warm semi-humid forest steppe, temperate-humid shrub steppe, semi-arid steppe and dry-cold steppe, desert steppe to desert.

地层沉积相及粒度、磁化率、化学元素、孢粉和古脊椎动物化石等气候代用指标的测试分析，揭示了研究区末次间冰期以来气候有过多次干冷、暖湿波动，曾经历了干冷的干旱荒漠、干旱荒漠草原、半干旱干草原、温湿灌丛草原或疏林草原、温暖半湿润森林草原气候环境的交替变化。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。