气候上

The weather and climate comply with the fluid dynamical equation and appear stochastic. In order to explore the relationship between weather and climate, the fractional derivative and integration are introduced. Physically, the stochastic degrees of weather and climate are different.

天气和气候虽然遵从流体力学规律，但是却显示出随机性，研究天气和气候之间的关系必须引入分数阶的导数和积分，从物理上讲不外乎说明天气和气候的随机程度是不相同的。

Moreover, based on the boundary conditions recommended by the Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project, it is further indicated that vegetation feedback in East Asia, possible ice sheet over the Tibetan Plateau, and sea surface temperature reconstruction in the western Pacific different from the PMIP data source can induce additional climate effects, which partly reconcile model-paleodata discrepancies as displayed by the standard PMIP simulations.

在国际古气候模拟比较计划标准试验的基础上，进一步指出东亚植被的反馈作用、青藏高原可能冰川的反馈作用、以及西太平洋表面温度的作用能够引起额外的气候效应，可在一定程度上改进PMIP标准试验的模拟效果。

President Barack Obama tells United Nata ions climate summit the US is determined to act against climate change, saying the country was slow to recognize the magnitude of the problem, but it's catching

奥巴马总统在联合国纳塔离子气候峰会上说美国决心与气候变化作斗争，并且说，虽然在这一问题上意识迟缓，但是会加紧脚步追赶

Analysis and comparison of the model results show that the introducing of gravity wave drag to the model can improve the model performance to some extent and result in more realistic simulation, and the effect of envelope orography on regional climate simulation is less significant than that of gravity wave drag.

通过试验结果的对比分析发现，在模式中引入地形重力波拖曳作用可在一定程度上改善模式对气候系统和要素的模拟效果，使模拟结果更符合气候实况。包络地形对模拟结果也有一定的改善，但对于细网格的区域气候模式来说，其效果不如重力波拖曳明显。

Based on the above two models, the meteorological data of Baseline (1961~ 1990), A2 (2071—2079), and B2 (2071~2090) exported directly by PRECIS were used in crop model to output yield, and the number of growth date of 11 maize stations in the future climate changed. At last, the affection of future climate changed for maize production was evaluated.

在此基础上，用PRECIS的模拟结果直接为CERES-Maize模型提供Baseline 30年(1961～1990年)、A2情景9年(2071～2079年)、B2情景20年(2071～2090年)的气候变化情景，计算现在和未来气候条件下的全国11个玉米站点的产量和生育期天数，评估未来气候变化对中国玉米生产的影响。

Those four classification models work well in first class of Chinese Vegetaion Division. The KAPPA value of Holdridge Life Zone System,at high value of 0.57,would probably more effective than the others. But in specific area,like tibetan plateau,all of those models need to be refined or consider more elements and factors. This research also points out that the concept and technology of Digitall Earth would promote and push forward the climate-vegetation relationship research,especially in climate-vegetation factors,climatically parameters and modeling parameters,real time dynamic monitoring,effectively managing the magnitude data of climate-vegetation relationship information and supporting the mainframe of Functional Types Modeling Library.

这四个传统的分类方法在中国植被区划一级分类上是适用的，Holdridge生命地带系统KAPPA一致性指数达到0.57模拟效果优于其它三者，但在特定地区，如青藏高原，所有模型均需改进优化或启用新的模型因子才能很好地区分植被亚地带，本研究还指出，数字地球技术的应用有助于推动气候—植被关系的研究，尤其在气候—植被指标的大范围实的动态监测、气候—植被关系数据的海量信息高效、有序基础管理和功能模型库支撑框架体系方面。

The study brings forward the basic conception of spatial information system for Chinese terrestrial ecosystem.Based on reviews of recent spatialization technology research of meteorology and climate information at home and abroad,we appraised virtue of methods in existence and discussed the model of spatial distribution of meteorology and climate information.

论文提出了构建中国陆地生态系统空间化信息系统的基本设想，并且在回顾国内外气象/气候信息空间化研究的现状基础上，评价了已有的气象/气候信息要素空间化技术的发展，探讨了中国陆地生态系统气象/气候信息空间化的技术途径，概要地介绍了研究小组在近年来的工作中所取得的阶段性研究成果，展望了这些成果的应用前景。

Historical climate change do harm to the economy mainly by the abrupt change of climate and the quasi-periodic wave of climate on 101-102a scale.

历史气候变化对经济发展不良的事件主要是气候突变和气候在101-102a尺度上的准周期波动。

And the surface temperatures simulated in northwestern China are low in the whole year. RegCM2 simulates the characteristic of geographical distribution and seasonal shifts of rain belt in China. But the simulated rainfall is low.

针对上述问题，我们对目前在中国应用较广泛的区域气候模式RegCM2进行了连续5年的模式气候积分，然后根据模式结果全面检验了模式性能，并重点对云—辐射参数化过程中存在问题进行了敏感性试验和改进工作，最后在改进的模式基础上研究了气溶胶的气候效应问题。

According to existing results, it is generally thought that during the Neoproterozoic Earth had experienced several most severe global glaciations in Earth's history.

根据现有的研究结果，地球在新元古代时期确实经历了数次地球历史上最为严重的全球性冰川期，但地球是否被完全冰封还需要更充分的古地质和古生物方面的证据来证明；利用气候模式对各种可能的外部强迫的模拟试验表明&冰雪地球&是很难形成的，并且，如果地球进入完全被冰封的状态，它将是难以被融化的；关于新元古代时期剧烈的气候变化对寒武纪生命大爆发所起的作用存在2种观点，一种认为气候变化导致了原始生命的基因突变并诱发了寒武纪生命爆发，另一种认为这种影响主要是生态方面的。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。