民族语言

Golden age/show one's cards/to turn over a new leaf/he laughs best who laughs last/necessity is the mother of invention/we never know the worth of water till the well is dry/sing different songs on different mountains/so long as i remain a bonze,i go on tolling the bell/all crows are equally black,and all wolves eat meat/without stepping outside his gate,the scholar know all the wide world's affairs/a long road tests a horse's strength and a long task proves a man's heart/burn one's boats/walls have ears/go through fire and water/man proposes,and god disposes/plain sailing/fish in troubled waters

语言既是人类交流思想的工具，也是人类主观世界反客观世界的媒体。翻译是译者对作者所认识事物的再认识和再表达。这种再认识和再表达常常是从不同角度按照译语民族的习惯方式进行的。所以，译作中出现与原语表达的不同是在所难免的。源，译语中的词语不同，其文化内涵也不同，从而反应出两个民族认识事物的思维方式，角度，习惯的差异。

Pope Pius XI (Officiorum Omnium, 1922):"The Church - precisely because it embraces all nations and is destined to endure until the end of time - of its very nature requires a language which is universal, immutable, and non-vernacular."

教宗碧岳十一世（Officiorum Omnium，1922）："教会的本质——正是因为她拥抱所有的民族并将一直存在，直至世界末日——要求一种大公性高、稳定性强、非特定民族的语言。"

Because of the existence of ethnocentrism, it is an important matter ...

由于民族自我中心主义的存在，反对语言歧视对于任何多民族国家而言都是个不可忽视的、需要长期关注的问题

According to the official statement, the present situation is that Yi-zu is "one ethnos complicated with various languages and branches" while in 1950s the "Yi" was confirmed as the "ethnos".

彝族」自一九五○年代「民族」确定以来的现况，依官定说法，是「一个语言复杂而支系繁多的民族」。

This study describes the multi-facet systematic evolution of the said rural community from 1907 to 2007: from the perspective of ethnic culture, it has changed from a single ethnic cultural community of Yoghur(Ethnic Yugur\'s self-name) ethnic group into a multi-ethnic cultural community with Yoghur ethnic group as the dominating majority and embracing the ethnic groups of Han, Tibetan, Tu, Mongolian and Kazak; from the perspective of language, it has changed from a community where Yoghur and Tibetan languages dominated with the local Chinese dialect and the written Chinese language as the subordinate into one where the local Chinese dialect and the written Chinese language dominate with the Yoghur language as the subordinate; in the perspective of marriage and heirship system, from a parallel operation of two systems (patrilineal heirship for official marriages and matrilineal heirship system for matrimonial forms through the head-wearing ceremony) to monogamy and patrilineal heirship; in the perspective of means of living, from animal husbandry complemented with hand knitting and camel caravan transporting to agricultural farming complemented with animal husbandry and many others; in the perspective of social organization, from a traditional tribe to a modern country society; in the perspective of political system and social management, from the customs-authority management which combined the dominating headman hereditary system under the tribal union of an imperial dynasty and the subordinating elite influence, to the resource-interest management of party-government departmental system under the ethnic minority autonomy of a nation state; in the perspective of religious faith, from a coexistence of the Gelug Tibetan Buddhism and Shamanism and the devout ancestor worship to the currently prevalent ancestor worship with religions declining and faith weakening; in the perspective of education, from the local-knowledge-oriented education to an official-knowledge-oriented education, in which modern schooling has become the major educational organization instead of the former traditional temple education; the school has replaced the temple as the "knowledge-culture" communication center; at least in the minds of the local people the central role of family education during the children\'s cultural development has also been replaced by schooling.

本研究描述了1907～2007年间，这个乡村社区的多面向的系统变迁：从族群文化的角度而言，从一个以尧乎尔为绝对主体的单一族群文化社区转变为一个以尧乎尔为主体的、有汉、藏、土、蒙古、哈萨克等组成的多元族群文化社区；从语言文字的角度而言，从一个以尧乎尔语和藏文为主，以汉语方言和汉文为辅的社区转变为一个以汉语方言和汉文为主，以尧乎尔语为辅的社区；从婚姻与继嗣制度的角度而言，从一个双系并行(明媒正娶婚行父系继嗣制度，帐房戴头婚行母系继嗣制度)的社区转变为行一夫一妻制和父系继嗣制度的社区；从生计方式的角度看，从一个以畜牧业生产为主，以手工编织和驼队运输为辅的社区转变为一个以农业为主，以牧业为辅的、多种生计方式并存的社区；从社会组织的形态而言，从一个传统部落社会转变为一个现代乡村社会；从政治制度和社会控制的角度而言，从帝制王朝的部落联盟制下头目世袭制为主，户族精英为辅的习俗—权威型控制方式转变为一个民族-国家中民族区域自治制度下以党政科层制的资源—利益型控制方式；从宗教信仰的角度而言，从一个格鲁派藏传佛教和萨满教并存，祖先崇拜之风甚烈的社区转变为寺庙衰落、信仰淡化、惟祖先崇拜仍广为流行的社区；从教育的角度而言，从一个以地方知识教育为主的社区转变为一个以官方知识教育为主的社区，现代学校教育取代了传统寺庙教育成为社区的主要教育组织形式，学校取代寺庙成为"知识—文化"传播的中心，在青少年儿童的文化成长过程中，家庭教养扮演的中心角色，至少在乡民的观念上被学校教育替代。

The Han People can remain indefectible at loss, thrive after danger, the key point is the culture, which includes the language, the productivity, the living style, the arts, the philosophy and even the value, all these are motivations from the inner of each Chinese people.

而文化基因的传承、复制、优化是它的不二向心力。我们汉民族在多次民族败北中之所以能够倒而不败、危而复兴，最关键的得力点，就是它的文化：语言、生产方式、生活方式、艺术、哲学、价值观等，起了海含而化之的内在之力（近现代我们的生产方式落后了）。

The different nationality's language exchange materially is the different nationality's cultural exchange.

不同民族的语言交流实质上是不同民族的文化交流。

To preserve and develop these endangering languages, the author thinks that these ethnics ma have good education of national common spoken language an as to create an environment of equal intercourse with ocher ethnics .

要保留和发展这些濒危语言，笔者认为这些民族必须得到良好的普通话教育，以便创造与各民族进行平等交际的环境。

In this paper the author surveys Zhou Enlai's thinking on patriotic education, of which the analysis consists of five aspects: love the nation and build the country into a great one;strengthen national defence and oppose foeign invasion;strive for the complete unity of the country's territory;have a great love of our nation's spoken and writing language and history; mantain Five Principles of Peaceful Coexis...

本文侧重从周恩来爱国主义教育思想方面作较系统、全面的探讨。文中从热爱自己的民族，建设伟大的祖国；加强国防建设，反对外国侵略；实现祖国领土的完全统一；酷爱自己民族的语言、文字、历史；和平共处五项原则与国际主义等五个方面展开论述

Despite of language is not pure reason outcome, language construction regulation is not the regulation that one kind of culture defends like hair bloodstain make a law article , the upper characteristic of language structure type requires that the object carries out elemental analysis on thought but with national culture mode of thinking, Carry out logicalization , formalized formulation, systematicness that being running after shows.

尽管语言并非非纯粹理性的产物，语言结构规则并不像发血迹制定法律条文那样是一种文卫的规定，然而语言结构类型上的特点同民族文化思维方式要求对思维客体进行元素分析，进行逻辑化，形式化的表述，追求的是表现的规则性。

It has been put forward that there exists single Ball point and double Ball points on the symmetrical connecting-rod curves of equilateral mechanisms.

从鲍尔点的形成原理出发，分析对称连杆曲线上鲍尔点的产生条件，提出等边机构的对称连杆曲线上有单鲍尔点和双鲍尔点。

The factory affiliated to the Group primarily manufactures multiple-purpose pincers, baking kits, knives, scissors, kitchenware, gardening tools and beauty care kits as well as other hardware tools, the annual production value of which reaches US$ 30 million dollars.

集团所属工厂主要生产多用钳、烤具、刀具、剪刀、厨具、花园工具、美容套等五金产品，年生产总值3000万美元，产品价廉物美、选料上乘、质量保证，深受国内外客户的青睐