民族的

After lift curfew the "authoritarian- democracy" of political transformation process, the government pushes a series of political reform, the Taiwan politics enters the period of liberalism, democratization and ethnicism , the elections also affect the development of the party politics, changing the type of the Taiwan party politics, the political liberalism all reduced people to express their ideals cost in the meantime, as a result helped aborigines movements .The aborigines movements starts from aborigine society movement to aborigines' movements, till the movement of reconstruction of the subjective in each tribe, In such situation, the multiculturalism becomes the new direction of the Taiwanese aborigines policy.

研究结果发现随著解严后从「威权—民主」的政治转型过程，政府推动一连串政治改革，台湾政治进入自由化、民主化与族群化时期，各类选举也牵动政党政治的发展，改变台湾政党政治的型态，同时政治自由化均降低了人民表达其意识形态、观念、理想的成本，因而促成原住民族运动在内的政治、社会运动风潮，原住民运动历经从原住民社会运动到原住民族运动到各民族的主体重建运动等历程，就是在这样的政治发展情势与原住民族运动压力下，多元文化主义的原住民族政策就成为台湾原住民族政策的新方向。

Ethnologic ideology is referred to the integration of ethnological understandings of nationalities and nationality issues in China.

民族思想是各个时期各个民族的各类人物对中国民族及民族问题的认识，是处理民族问题、制定民族政策的理论基础

But through the investigation we find that the contact between the national members take the economic exchange as their suppert.Third,the Huis and Hans have positive and stable attitude toward inter-ethnic contacts in the psychological scale ,such as colleagues,group ,neighours and making friends.But the upgrade of their religious beliefs,the Huis have a high congnition in the national consciousness and the national identity .The Huis and the Hans have a high sense of identity in the same sex in the contacts by the impact of the traditional Chinese culture and the division model .Regard to the deep-seated inter-ethnic-marriage contact,members of the Huis and Hans have certain reservations .Especially,the Huia have the attitude because of the religion belief .

第三，在交往的心理尺度上，回汉民族的交往态度积极稳定，对民族间日常的交往，如同事、团体、经济、做邻居及其交友方面都有很高的积极态度，但同时由于宗教信仰对于民族意识(来源：A82B2f66C论文网www.abclunwen.com)和民族认同、情感方面的提升作用，回族对民族交往的民族身份有很高的认同；受中国传统文化和分工模式的影响，回汉民族成员对交往的同性别对象有很高的认同感；对于民族间的深层次交往——婚姻交往，回汉民族成员都有一定的保留，尤其是回族对于宗教信仰的崇敬，比较反对回汉之间的通婚，汉族也因生活习惯的差异对族际通婚持保留态度，心理距离相对较远。

The theory presents a systematic reply to the question of how to seek ethnic liberation, cope with ethnic relationships, solve ethnic problems and promote ethnic development in our underdeveloped country, In addition, it provides a correct guiding principle about ethnic work and ensures the lay-down of a series of correct ethnic policies, which play a vital role in the promotion of liberation and development of all Chinese ethnic groups and in the keep-up and strengthening of ethnic solidarity.

在长期的革命和建设实践中，以毛泽东、邓小平、江泽民为代表的中国共产党人，把马克思主义民族理论与中国实际相结合，创造性地丰富和发展了马克思主义，卓有成效地创立了具有中国特色的民族问题理论，系统地回答了我们这样一个不发达的多民族国家，如何争取民族解放、处理民族关系、解决民族问题、促进民族发展的一系列基本问题，奠定了中国共产党做好民族工作的正确的指导思想，使我们党制定了一系列正确的民族政策，对于争取中华民族大家庭中的各民族的翻身解放和繁荣发展，以及维护和加强各民族之间的团结，起了十分重要的作用。

This is, for China and other multiracial countries, very positive and may give some solutions for the future. In the introduction there is an explanation of the reason why I choose this title and also the questions about Switzerland in the field of present research and the meaning of those researches. The first part describes the formation of the community of Switzerland, and there I define the word "community" and the peculiarity of each member of this community, the time the Swiss people take to build this community. The second part describes this formation with more details like geographical problem, language differences, the psychological pugnacity for liberty, the practical art of neutrality and the freedom for religious behavior. Those themes prove the formation of the Swiss community. The third part contains the following topics: the international position of Switzerland and its stability, the balance of economic production, the foundation of the Swiss government and the charm of its feature. For those topics I use the economic, political and cultural angle.

全文分为瑞士多民族社会的形成，在这一部分中重点介绍了民族和民族共同体的界定，瑞士各民族的地理分布及主要特征，瑞士民族共同体形成的历史时间断限，在这一部分中特别提出了民族共同体的概念，为全文的行文打下一个概念基础；在瑞士民族共同体形成的表现部分中，共分为语言和地域差别问题的消弭，崇尚独立自由的心理素质的确立，中立外交政策的奉行，宗教多元化的制衡等几个小的部分，四个部分平衡并立，共同来论证瑞士民族共同体的表现；在瑞士民族共同体诞生的原因中，共分为以下几个部分，有瑞士特殊的国际地位与多民族社会的稳定，平衡发达的经济及其吸引力，多元政治体制的建构和灿烂文化和性格的魅力，也就是从政治、经济和文化三个角度对这个问题进行了阐述；在现代瑞士多民族社会问题部分中，有如下几个部分瑞士的外来人口在瑞士国家的生活状况，外来人口融合中的困难，以及瑞士民族共同体中其他的一些社会问题，主要探讨的是瑞士社会中的外国人的生活状况，以及在融合和同化的过程中的成功经验以及给整个瑞士社会带来的几个突出的社会问题；最后是对现代瑞士多民族社会问题的思考，也就是从和睦性，认同感以及民族平等政策三个角度中进行的分析。

The national spirit is in nationality"s common language, the common region, in the economic life foundation has, the shape together becomes, And displays in the national culture the common psychological quality, is nationality"s psychological characteristic, the cultural tradition and the energetic complex compound which realizes from me, Is the national members to this nationalitys ideal, the goal and the future self-approval, Is realizes this national ideal, the goal and the future tremendous spiritual strength.

民族精神是在民族的共同语言、共同地域、共同经济生活的基础上产生、形成并表现于民族文化上的共同心理素质，是民族的心理特征、文化传统和自我意识的精神综合体，是民族成员对本民族的理想、目标和前途的自我认同，是实现本民族理想、目标和前途的巨大精神力量。

The objective substantialism is good at analysis of the endogensis and objective attribute of the nation, but ignores the subjective attribute of nation, and other and relation for the forming of nation-self. The subjective substantialism focuses on the subjective attribute of nation. In the theory, the attribute is amplified that it is struck in the rut of defining the term nation using the relation between the nation and nationalism.

前者长于民族的客观属性分析与内生分析，但忽略了民族的主观属性，忽略了他者和关系对民族自我的塑造作用；后者最为看重民族的主观属性，强调民族主义对民族的塑造作用，但放大了民族的主观属性，且落入从民族主义与民族两者的关系来界定民族的案臼。

First of all this article discusses the scientific definition and appellation of transnational ethnic groups at the angle of political anthropology, then focuses attention on the restrictions and influence upon transnational ethnic groups imposed by the theories, principles and ideas such as 'the unchangeableness of the existing political boundaries',' the supremeness of state sovereignty',' competitions of the overall strength among nation-states',etc.;the author holds that these theories, prin...

文章首先从政治人类学的角度探讨了跨界民族的科学界定和称谓，随后集中探讨了"现行政治疆界不变"、"国家主权高于一切"、"综合国力较量"等理论、准则、理念对跨界民族的制约和影响。笔者认为，在一般情况下，它们不仅决定着跨界民族的民族过程取向，而且已成为解决跨界民族问题的前提，并成为目前国际关系中的一些基本原则。文章最后以非洲大陆为例，就如何正确解决跨界民族问题提出了一些对策。

The most essential meaning of Mao Zedong' s spiritual demeanour is the patriotical thought of loving nation and people most; Feeling bearing for the people, powers executing for the people,profits gaining for the people is the core of Mao Zedong's emotional and spiritual reality.

民族精神乃是民族文化、民族智慧、民族心理、民族情感的集中体现，是一个民族的价值目标、共同理想、文化规范的最高体现。

This article discusses the theoretical questions such as 'the transnational ethnic groups' connotation, classification, the differences between transnational ethnic groups and problems of these groups, then analyses the conditions and causes that give rise to problems of transnational ethnic groups, the evolution trend of transnational ethnic groups' influence upon geographic politics and the enlightening significance for us in the course to resolving problems of transnational eth...

本文对跨界民族的内涵、分类、跨界民族和跨界民族问题的区别等理论问题进行了探讨，在此基础上，分析了造成跨界民族问题的条件和原因、跨界民族对地缘政治的影响会沿着什么样的趋势进行演变及跨界民族问题在解决过程中所带给我们的启示

Neither the killing of Mr Zarqawi nor any breakthrough on the political front will stop the insurgency and the fratricidal murders in their tracks.

在对危险的南部地区访问时，他斥责什叶派民兵领导人对中央集权的挑衅行为。

In fact,I've got him on the satellite mobile right now.

实际上 我们已接通卫星可视电话了