民族和国家

National Image is the integrated knowledge and complex analysis for a nation by the international community, which symbolizes national power and ethnic spirit as the most important immaterial assets by the sovereignty nation and concentrated embodiment of colligated national power.

国家形象是国际社会对一国的整体认识和综合评价，是国家力量和民族精神的象征，是主权国家最为重要的无形资产，是综合国力的集中体现。

China and the Soviet Union are both multiracial socialistic countries. There are a good number of minorities keeping their belief in Moslemism in the territory, and the areas of those minorities in both countries are adjoining. The policies and measures that USSR adopted in the conformity of Moslemic minorities in the Central Asia will undoubtedly be useful references and lessons for the way China copes with its own issues on the northwest minorities.

中国和前苏联都是多民族的社会主义国家，境内都有信奉伊斯兰教的少数民族，且两国信奉伊斯兰教的少数民族在地域上山水相连，苏联对中亚信奉伊斯兰教的民族的整合的政策和措施对我国西北少数民族问题的处理无疑会有可借鉴的经验和可吸取的教训。

China is not like other nations, indeed is not really a nation-state at all.

中国和其他国家不同，实际上它根本不是真正的民族国家，而是更大更深刻的国家，是"文明国家"，是世界上最古老的没有中断的历史的继承者。

It is that the long-term existence of paradox in politics and economics, ethnic and religion, culture and customs among nations or in one country, religious fundamentalism, national secessionism and racialism that resulted from the difference among various ideology, and trans-nations' criminals in terrorism in recent years that all become the roots which terrorism relies on.

国家间和一国内部政治经济、民族宗教、文化习俗等矛盾的长期存在、意识形态差异所导致的"宗教原教旨主义"、民族分裂主义和种族主义以及近年来跨国犯罪与恐怖主义的合流都成为恐怖主义得以滋长的根源。

After all, population under sub health condition is much larger than those suffering from ailment.More attention to relieving the economic burden on medical care is greatly urged.1 In reality, the percentage of the families failing to afford the exorbitant prices is on the increase.2 In terms of democracies, government can never escape the responsibility for its people's right of subsistence.3 Taking the effect into consideration, investment on the medical treatment serves as the most efficient means to alleviate people's physical and mental torture.Statistics concerning deficiencies of government's function unshakably suggest the heightened demand of more investment on medical treatment.

就"普通人的健康生活方式"来说，应该从"宏观"（即一个国家/民族整体的国民身体素质）方面、"长远"（即政府应着眼于多数人长期的发展）方面和"预防"方面来讨论；就"病人的医疗费用"来说，从"实际"（即医疗费用很高，普通民众负担沉重）方面、"国家本质"（即资本主义国家以公共福利以示与封建主义区分的本质，任何时候至少在表面上应确保大众的基本权利的获得）和"短期效应"（即在最短时间内保障生存权，或者说民众的个人税产生期望效应的最直接方式方面来讨论。

The paper consists of following contents:(1)starting with a historicalreview of the use-of-force,this paper reveals a paradoxical evolvementof the two trends in use-of-force,compares the absolutization andinfinity with controllability and finity of the use-of-force,and clarifiesnew characteristics of the use-of-force in post-Cold War era;(2)bysystematically analyzing the era background from the viewpoints ofeconomic globalization,political multipole,military high tech,national separatism and the hegemonism,the paper clarifies factorslimiting and stimulating the use-of-force;(3)by analyzing the lawbackground mainly from the viewpoint of international laws,the paperespecially centralizes the discussion on restrictions made by moderninternational laws on the use-of-force and their limits,dissects thechallenges brought up by the high tech war to international laws;(4)the use-of-force by UN and other regional international organization;(5)refuting the theory of"humanitarian intervention"advocated bythe USA and certain western countries,the paper expatiates the rightrelations between human rights and sovereignty,and demonstrates therightness of the sovereignties and UN;(6)the basic guidelines of theuse-of-force in the post-Cold War era.

分别从经济全球化、政治多极化、军事高技术化以及民族分离主义的泛滥、霸权主义的恶性膨胀等方面系统分析冷战后武力使用的时代背景，揭示出冷战后时代同时存在的限制、约束武力使用的因素，以及诱发、刺激武力使用的因素。（3）主要从国际法的角度分析武力使用的法律背景，着重探讨现代国际法对武力使用的规范和制约作用以及这种作用的有限性，同时剖析现代高技术战争对国际法提出的挑战。（4）主要探讨联合国以及区域性国际组织在冷战后使用武力的实践以及存在的问题。（5）驳斥以美国为首的某些西方国家所鼓吹的&人道主义干涉&论，阐述人权与主权的正确关系，论证主权国家和联合国并没有过时，不能用非人道手段解决人道主义问题。（6）系统提出了冷战后国家间使用武力应遵守的基本准则。

This dissertation focuses on the form, role, behavior and effect of the government of Asia, chooses this five country:Korea, Indonesia, Thailand, India and Philippines as researching objection, treat their political representation from after The World War II to 1980s as norm, disparts them as two parts:classical authoritarian and classical Asian "democratic countries", combining with the national, social and economical characteristics of Asian countries, gives the Asian authoritarianism an comprehensive and deep analysis, looking forward to giving some useful reference to the ongoing democratisation.

本文聚焦于政府形式、角色、行为和作用。采用实证与理论相结合的比较政治学的研究方法，选择了亚洲的韩国、印度尼西亚、泰国、印度和菲律宾这五个国家，以他们自战后一直到八十年代的政治表现为标准，将他们分为两组：典型的威权政体(韩国、印度尼西亚、泰国)和两个典型的亚洲&民主国家&，结合亚洲国家的民族、社会、经济特性等，对亚洲的威权主义有一个全面深入的分析，以期望给予目前正进行的民主化以些许的借鉴。

During the course of legislation, should adhere to the rules: integrate the national unification with regional autonomy for minority;seek truth frorn facts;make full considerision on the national characteristics and regional characteristics; serve for regional economy development and society development; seperate education from religion

在少数民族教育立法过程中，应坚持国家的统一和民族区域自治相结合的原则；坚持一切从实际出发，实事求是的原则，充分考虑民族特点和地区特点的原则；坚持为当地经济建设和社会发展服务相结合的原则；坚持教育与宗教相分离的原则。

With branches throughout Europe, USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and Asia, GEOS is currently providing students of over 140 nationalities the chance to study in an academic environment that is educationally and culturally diverse.

分校遍布欧洲国家，美国，加拿大，澳大利亚，新西兰，南非和亚洲国家，为170多个不同国家和民族的学生提供良好的学习环境。在这里不仅可以学习知识还可以了解文化。

In 1982 Chen was invited to conduct the Asben Festival Orchestra in America and was hailed as a success. In 1984, Chen was appointed President of Shanghai Symphony Orchestra, and two years later was appointed Music Director, the first music director of any performing groups in Chinese history. Since 1985, Chen has appeared in nations and regions including the former USSR, Japan, Italy, the USA, the Great Britain, Switzerland, Korea, the DPRK, Thailand, Singapore, Australia, Germany, Denmark, Austria, France, Spain, Russia, Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan, conducting native orchestras. In 1998, 1999, and 2000 he led the Central Chinese National Orchestra on its tours to many cities in Austria, Germany, Denmark. His concerts at the Grosser Saal Musikverein of Vienna and the Lincoln Center of New York have won enormous successes. In August, 2000, he led again the Central Chinese National Orchestra to perform in the "Chinese Culture in America" Festival, appearing in musical centers including the Lincoln Center.

上海音乐学院毕业后，曾任上海芭蕾舞团管弦乐队常任指挥。1982年他应邀在美国阿思本音乐节指挥音乐节乐团，大获成功。1984年出任上海交响乐团团长，1986年被任命为上海交响乐团音乐总监，成为中国文化发展史上第一位文艺院团的总监。1985年以来，陈燮阳先后赴苏联、日本、意大利、美国、英国、瑞士、韩国、朝鲜、泰国、新加坡、澳大利亚、德国、丹麦、奥地利、法国、西班牙、俄罗斯等国家和港、澳、台地区，指挥本团或当地著名乐团举办音乐会，均受盛赞。1998年1月和1999年2月，陈燮阳率中央民族乐团赴奥地利、德国、丹麦，在世界著名的维也纳金色大厅和柏林爱乐大厅，以及其他城市音乐厅举办中国新年音乐会。2000年8月，他又率中央民族乐团赴美国参加&中华文化美国行&的巡回演出，其中包括在纽约著名的林肯艺术中心举办音乐会。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。