民族和国家

For a long time, in our country, people fasten on physical cultural heritage, and didn't pay attention to ICH, folklorist and ethnologist had done some work on it, but for kinds of reasons, the information was badly destroyed.

长期以来，我国文化遗产工作者一直注重对有形的物质文化遗产进行收集、整理和研究，对无形的非物质文化遗产关注较少，虽有过民俗学、民族学的一些工作，但由于种种原因，相关资料保存至今较少，从非物质文化遗产保护的角度进行探讨更是新近才开始的，这些工作比国际先行国家落后很多，如在保护制度上，我国2005年才开始"民族民间文化传承人"调查和认证，这比日本的"国家文化财"制度落后了50多年，比联合国教科文组织"活的文化财"保护计划也晚了10多年；在制度和法规的建设，日本、韩国、法国等国家早己建立了保护制度，通过了相关法律，而我国在这方面基本还是空白。

The institutionalist economist Douglass North deems that the fundamental causes of the rise of western world are due to the formation of the private property rights system and the modern industrial organization, a political scientist of Paul Kennedy thinks that the rise of the western world come from political competition of the nation-states of the western Europe, and the historian Wallerstein believes that the collapse of the Roman Empire and the conflict between the Vatican and the secular monarchs in pre-modern Europe have create some rare opportunities for the economic growth in the western Europe in the modern time.

欧洲不是只有一个'帝国公司'，而是有许多的'君主公司'、'诸侯公司'和'城市国家公司'。新出现的民族国家的政治领导人之间开展竞争，每个国家都基于保持从商人阶级那里获得收入和信贷，也都意识到允许邻国增加和扩充军事力量的财政能力的危险性。

The social democratic party emphasises that state is wheelsman not oarsman in the present.Democracy and dictatorship are two political categories which repel mutually and dictatorship of the proletariat disturbs development of freedom of human nature.State and society should cooperate.Globalization impacts and influences contemporary nation state.

社会民主党强调国家只是社会经济生活的"掌舵者"而非"划船人"；民主和专政是两个相互排斥的政治范畴，无产阶级专政妨碍了人性的自由发展；国家和公民社会应当开展合作；全球化进程对当代民族国家造成了巨大的冲击和影响。

The bourgeoisie, wherever it has got the upper hand, has put an end to all feudal, patriarchal, idyllic relations…It has accomplished wonders far surpassing Egyptian pyramids, Roman aqueducts and Gothic cathedrals…The bourgeoisie has through its exploitation of the world market given a cosmopolitan character to production and consumption in every country…All old-established national industries have been destroyed or are daily being destroyed.

资产阶级在它已经取得了统治的地方把一切封建的、宗法的和田园诗般的关系都破坏了……它创造了完全不同于埃及金字塔、罗马水道和哥特式教堂的奇迹；它完成了完全不同于民族大迁徙和十字军东征的远征……资产阶级，由于开拓了世界市场，使一切国家的生产和消费都成为世界性的了……古老的民族工业被消灭了，并且每天都还在被消灭。

In September 1981, he was invited by Center of U.S. China Arts Exchange to the United States, where he studied with Prof. Otto Muller of Yale University. In 1982, he successfully conducted at Aspen Festival in the United States. Commissioned by French Music Sound Records Corporation, he made the recording of Beethoven's Symphony No. 1 and No 4. From September 1983 to January 1985, he was involved in the production of the Song Cycle of Chinese Revolutions. Since 1985, he has toured Russia, Japan, Italy, the United States, Britain, Switzerland, South Korea, Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Thailand, Singapore, Australia and Germany, as well as such places as Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan. In January 1998 and February 1999, Chen Xieyang visited Austria, Germany, and Denmark with Central Nationalities Orchestra of China. He gave concerts on the New Year's Eve of the lunar calendar in the Golden Hall in Vienna, Berlin Philharmonic Hall and so on. In August 2000, with the Central Nationalities Orchestra of China Chen Xieyang participated in the project 'Chinese Culture Touring in the United States', during which they presented concerts in Lincoln Center.

1981年9月，陈燮阳应邀赴美国考察，师从耶鲁大学奥托·缪勒教授进修指挥课并指挥多个美国乐团演出。1982年他在美国阿思本音乐节指挥音乐节乐团获得成功。1983年8月，他应法国"音乐之声"唱片公司之约，指挥中央乐团录制了贝多芬的第一、第四交响曲。1983年9月至1985年1月，陈燮阳参加大型音乐舞蹈史诗《中国革命之歌》的指挥工作。1985年以来，陈燮阳先后赴前苏联、日本、意大利、美国、英国、瑞士、韩国、朝鲜、泰国、新加坡、澳大利亚、德国等国家和港、澳、台地区举办音乐会，均受到欢迎和赞誉。1998年1月和1999年2年，陈燮阳率中央民族乐团赴奥地利、德国、丹麦等地，在世界著名的维也纳金色大厅和柏林爱乐大厅以及其他城市音乐厅举办中国新年音乐会。2000年8月，他又率中央民族乐团赴美国参加"中华文化美国行"的巡回演出，其中包括在纽约著名的林肯艺术中心举办音乐会。

The acceptance through verbal or practice phase, the rule mostly faithedThrough verbal, custom or habit; the compartmentation phase, have obviouszone of characters and the match playing between every polis; internalizationphase, breaked through the ultranationalism of Greece, make the range of rule extend to the internation , the rule of competetion became the international regulation by which the match participant must be abide; globalization phase, break through communicating and exchanging of localization make for the seven seas, all over the world have one and the same rules. Moreover, due to this phase is influenced with tow facter, which high-tech and commerc.urge the rules of track and field competition having changing.

"约定俗成"阶段，竞赛规则主要是由双方口头约定的方式来决定，比赛只有零散的少数人参加；"区域化"阶段，竞赛规则具有独特的古希腊"区域"特性，比赛只在希腊各城邦之间进行；"国际化"阶段，主要是冲破了欧洲希腊的狭隘领域向欧美等国家范围延伸，规则成为国家间进行田径比赛须共同遵守的统一准则；"全球化"阶段，全世界所有国家突破各民族文化的地域和模式的局限性而走向全球，所有的国家使用同一个竞赛规则；且在这一阶段中，由于高科技深透和商业因素的介入，促使了竞赛规则的不断变化。

Environmental problems of various types undermine human health and settlement quality,resulting in the degeneration of human welfare.Conflicts and lawsuits between individuals and social groups provoked by environmental problems erode social cohesion.The deterioration of eco-system and resulting eco-disasters seriously vitiate nations′ potential of sustainable development.Eco-se...

环境问题破坏了人们的生存环境，损害了身体健康，降低了生活质量；由环境问题所引起的纠纷、投诉和群体冲突影响了社会的稳定；更为严重的是，生态环境的破坏将使国家和民族失去生存条件和发展基础，由此引发的生态灾难对国家安全所构成的威胁甚至比传统的战争破坏更加可怕；环境问题已成为21世纪战争与冲突的导火索和国际政治斗争的焦点，危及国家的安全。

Whether it would happen turned on four great questions: Would East and West Germany be reunited; would Russia become a truly democratic, stable, nonimperial nation; what would happen to Yugoslavia, a cauldron of diverse ethnic provinces, which had been held together by the iron will of Marshal Tito; and would Russia and the former Communist countries be integrated into the European Union and the transatlantic NATO alliance with the United States and Canada?

至于这一前景能否实现则引发了四大问题：东德和西德能否统一？俄罗斯能否成为一个真正民主、稳定、非帝国主义的国家？南斯拉夫会变成怎样？这个国家由不同民族的大行政区构成，因为有了铁托元帅铁的意志才联合在了一起。俄罗斯和其它前共产主义国家会被融进欧盟并与美国和加拿大通过北约结成跨大西洋之外的联盟组织吗？

From May 4th Movement of 1919 to the 1920s, sex love narrations in Chinese novels were rather an enlightenment and liberation in that particular era with four characteristics. Firstly, sexual desire was endowed with rationality with regard to liberation of human nature and mutual love. Secondly, with an epochal concern for a stronger and superior race, greater attention was paid to sexual parties concerned, mainly physically. Thirdly, new ethics on sex were promoted in that personal freedom on sex love was emphasized and sex love became an important way of self-fulfillment. Therefore, independence of sex love was advocated and the scope of sex love was also widened. Fourthly, the sex consciousness of this period had the mixed features of the past and the contemporary. Sex love narrations in the 1930s and 1940s showed a further exploration on the theme of human nature. First of all, sex was restored to a kind of desire. ShenCongwen probed the importance of harmonious sex love to a sound personality and Shi Zhecunrevealed that sexual inhibition could lead to the distortion, even frenzy of human nature. Bothexplored the influence and functions of sexual desire as human nature upon human personality,giving prominence to the irresistibleness of sexual desire and the significance of sexual desire asa motive. Then, human bodies driven by sexual desire were described and given greater attentionto. Next, ethics on sex were deconstructed either by Shen Congwen who opposed man-madeethics with law of nature and the School of New Sensation who replaced traditional ethics on sexwith exchange rules in consumption, or by Shi Zhecun who spared no efforts in representing thecomplete failure of social rules, including ethics on sex, due to the impact from sexual desire.The direct effect was a paleness of the ethical binding force on sex. Last, sex consciousness inthe works of female writers emerged. In the early works of Ding Ling, the sexual desire of thefemale is no longer a ramification of emotion but an independent one. In addition, in the sex lovenarrations of other female writers, such as Mei Niang, strong self-consciousness on the socialstatus of the female is also reflected. Sex love narrations in the late 1970s and early 1980s wereactually a re-enlightenment in the spirit of humanism, whose major features include humanisticlegitimation of sex love within the boundary of ethics, a blend of sex love narrations withnational concepts and national myths as well as the aesthetic, poetic descriptions of humanbodies etc. In the middle and late 1980s, sex love narrations entered a stage of exploration forpluralism. First, by restoration of sexual desire, writers of this era restored human nature, thevery original state of human being. Different emphasis and tendencies could be seen in differentwriters: looking at sex love dialectically and trying to describe its creative as well as destructivecharacteristics; connecting sex love with violence and trying to reveal the evil side of humannature through it; emphasizing the creativeness of sex love especially in the heritage of"wildness".

从&五四&到20世纪20年代，中国小说的性爱叙事是一种处在时代夹缝中的启蒙和解放，其所表现出来的特点，一是正面赋予性欲望以合理性，这种合理性是在人性解放和爱情前提下获得的；二是在强种育种的时代焦虑影响下小说性爱叙事表现出对物质身体的关注，其焦点主要在体格方面；三是树立起新的性伦理道德观念，表现为强调在性爱问题上的个人选择自由，性爱成为个人自我实现的重要方式，从而赋予人在性爱问题上的独立性，同时还扩大了性爱表现的领域；四，这个时期小说性爱叙事中所表现出的性意识还具有新旧杂糅的特点。30、40年代小说性爱叙事表现出对人性主题的深化与丌拓，首先是把性还原为欲望本身来探索，沈从文从和谐性爱对健全人性的决定作用、施蛰存从性压抑会导致人性扭曲甚至疯狂的角度探讨作为人类本质性欲望的性对人性产生的影响和作用，突出了性欲力量的不可抗拒和作为人类行为的重要动力等方面的内容；其次在叙事中表现出对欲望化了的身体的描绘与关注；第三是解构了性的伦理道德，无论是沈从文以自然法则来反对人为的道德设置还是新感觉派用消费交换原则替代传统性伦理道德，或是施蛰存极力表现包括性伦理规范在内的社会法则在性欲力量冲击下溃不成军，其直接的效果都是使性伦理道德对人的约束力量显得苍白虚弱；第四，出现了由女性作家表现的女性性意识，在丁玲的早期作品中女性的性欲望不再是作为感情的衍生物而是独立的欲望存在，而在梅娘等其他女作家的小说性爱叙事中则表现出对女性社会地位的强烈自觉意识。70年代末80年代初期小说的性爱叙事实际上是在人道主义语境下的再次启蒙，其主要特征一是性爱在人道主义前提下获得合法性，但要求性爱不超出伦理规定的范围；再就是将性爱叙事同国家观念和民族神话相融合；此外还有对身体的描写审美化诗意化等。80年代中后期，小说性爱叙事进入了多元化探索的阶段，作家通过还原性欲望来还原人性、还原人类的本真状态，不同作家笔下表现为不同的侧重和倾向——以辨证的方式看待性爱，写出其具有的创造性力量和毁灭性特征；将性爱与暴力相联系并通过其来表现人性的黑暗；强调性爱的创造性作用，尤其在民族&血性&的传承方面。

This change shows: in our time, the economic development of any nation must be integrated into the global economic system; the modernization of any nation can only be realized on the basis of global joint development; today's nationalist movement may still need to obtain nutritions from the structure of national sovereignty, but if any nationalist movement emphasizing the worship of national sovereignty too much may be regarded as "narrowminded" or even "extreme" nationalism.

中亚民族主义价值取向的转变表明：在当今时代，任何民族的经济发展只能融入全球经济大潮和全球经济分工体系之中才能实现；任何民族的现代化只能在全球共同发展的基础上才能实现；今天的民族主义运动虽然仍需要从民族国家主权架构中获得营养，但任何民族主义运动如果对传统主权过分崇拜，就有可能被视为&狭隘&的甚至是&极端&的民族主义。

Neither the killing of Mr Zarqawi nor any breakthrough on the political front will stop the insurgency and the fratricidal murders in their tracks.

在对危险的南部地区访问时，他斥责什叶派民兵领导人对中央集权的挑衅行为。

In fact,I've got him on the satellite mobile right now.

实际上 我们已接通卫星可视电话了