民族和国家

In the'conclusions', this dissertation emphasizes on the characteristics of the English abroad colonial expansion in the period of the formation of the nation-state. The further conclusions of the paper are as the following. The national spirit transfers to a strong force of promoting the English to go and expand abroad. Their aims are to deny the supreme popish authority, and to challenge the monopoly privilege of Spain and Portugal in the course of the abroad colonial expansion. They intend to break up the old system, of which the universalism of the'Christendom'is the foundation, and to strive for the English right of independence, liberty, and equality in the world.

在"结语"部分，本文着重分析了民族国家形成时期英国海外殖民扩张的若干特点，指出民族主义精神已经转变成一种推动英国人海外殖民扩张向前发展的强大力量，他们的目的就是要否认中世纪以来所谓至尊不二的教皇权威，挑战葡萄牙和西班牙两国在海外殖民扩张中独享的垄断地位，打破以"基督教大世界"普世主义原则为基础的旧世界体系，争取英格兰民族国家在国际舞台中应当享有的独立、自由和平等的政治地位。

Just as it has made the country dependent on the towns, so it has made the barbarian and semibarbarian countries dependent on the civilized ones, nations of peasants on nations of bourgeois, the East on the West.

正象它使乡村从属于城市一样，它使未开化和半开化的国家从属于文明的国家，使农民的民族从属于资产阶级的民族，使东方从属于西方。

Most organizational re-searchers who study groups across nationalities ignore definitional issues and equate the national culture with the existence of a nation-state.

大多数组织重新搜索谁在民族研究小组忽视定义问题和等同于国家的文化存在一个民族国家。

Chapter two is a historical generalization of family discussing the shape of family in both the traditional period and the modern nation-state period, and then it investigates such acts as sacrificing and pedigree-making within a family, analyzes the family system expressed in family rituals, and finally points out the fact that there exists, in consideration of the expression of"filiality"in real life, a controdiction between the ideal of family system and the reality itself, the controdiction that is further intensified by the power pluralism in a family in the modern nation-state period.

第二章首先描述和概括了家族的历史以及家族在传统时期以及现代民族-国家时期的形态，然后研究家族的祭祖、造谱等仪式行为，分析家族在仪式的表演中所体现的家族制度，进而从&孝&在现实生活中的表现出发，指出家族制度的理想与现实存在着矛盾。现代民族-国家时期家族权力的多元化更加剧了这一矛盾。

In the new era of knowledge economy and technological development,university teachers play an unsubstituted role in the cultivation of advanced productivity and the talented of creative advanced culture.

而科技发展的生命力在于创新。一个国家、一个民族是否能自立于世界民族之林，关键在教育。教育是增强民族凝聚力，提高国家综合国力和整体竞争力的根本保证。

From eagles to lions, many countries use an animal to show its national spirit and character.

许多国家把鹰和狮子等动物奉为国家的象征，用它们来展现民族精神和民族性格。

Countries also use animals as symbols. From eagles to lions, many countries use an animal to show its national spirit and character.

许多国家把鹰和狮子等动物奉为国家的象征，用它们来展现民族精神和民族性格。

Countries also use animals as symbols,From eagels to lions,many countries use an animal to show its national spirit and character.

许多国家把鹰和狮子等动物奉为国家的象征，用它们来展现民族精神和民族性格。

Neither simple localisms nor simple universalisms are sustainable here -- neither claims to a monolithic national sovereignty or interest or character (which are cast into doubt by internal dissent and pluralism), nor claims to universally grounded standards (which founder on the plurality of actual worldviews and moral perspectives).

在此，单独的地方主义或单独的普世主义都是不能持续的——无论是宣称完整的民族国家主权，国家利益或民族特性（这些会因为内部的异议和内部的多元主义而受到质疑），还是主张奠基于普遍基础的规范（这种主张因为实际的世界观和道德视角的多元性而失败）。

By the middle of the 18th century, the Qing Dynasty had put down the aristocracy and the Junggar, and a small rebel Zhuo, a unity in Xinjiang and has adopted a series of effective measures to control this territory in the northwest of China for the final definition of Xinjiang and its major national distribution pattern The formation, as well as among ethnic groups in Xinjiang, Xinjiang and the Central Plains between the political, economic and cultural contacts and exchanges, had a profound impact.

清代是我国统一的多民族国家空前巩固和发展的时期。18世纪中叶，清朝先后平定了准噶尔贵族和大、小和卓的叛乱，统一了新疆，并采取了一系列卓有成效的治理措施，这对于我国西北疆域的最后界定，新疆各主要民族及其分布格局的形成，以及新疆各民族之间、新疆与中原之间的政治、经济、文化联系与交流，产生了深远的影响。1771年，土尔扈特人在首领渥巴锡的带领下回归祖国。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。