民族主义

1The thought of Anti-Manchu is the main thread of his nationalism.(2)The thought of Anti-imperialism is a very important part of his nationalism.(3) State system of nationalist thinking is the thinking of the reaction of the system(4) keeping "national essence" is its national ideology in a concentrated expression of academic.

第四部分着重分析章太炎民族主义思想的主要内容、"反满反帝"是章太炎民族主义思想的主线，国家政体思想是其民族主义思想在制度上的体现，保存"国粹"是其民族主义思想在学术上的集中体现。

The fifth part has summarized the main characteristic :( 1) Zhang Tai-yans ideology is rich of academic atmosphere.(2) Preliminary national integration and ethnic equality thinking.(3) in the aspect of anti-imperialism, he preferred to radical nationalism.(4) In the treatment of traditional Chinese culture, his nationalist ideology of the neo-conservatives have distinctive characteristics.

第五部分探析章太炎民族主义思想的主要特色、章太炎的民族主义思想有浓郁的学术气息；初步的民族融合和民族平等思想；精英民主与权威主义相结合的国家政体制度；在反满反帝方面他偏向于激进民族主义，在对待中国传统文化时他的民族主义思想又具有鲜明的保守主义者的特点。

Because of lighting the name of nationalism and weighting the contents of nationalism, Liang Chi-chao\'s nationalist ideas has very diverse manifestations, Many ideological doctrine including liberalism, socialism, cultural conservatism had closely associated with his nationalist ideology, Liang Chi-chao had been always followed to nationalism, However, he did not consider that national interests is paramount above everything, he strived to connect nationalism with freedom, democracy, constitutionalism, trying to achieve national interests and personal interests, nationalism and the cosmopolitism simultaneously.

由于轻民族主义之名重民族主义之实，梁启超民族主义思想的表现形态十分多样。自由主义、社会主义、文化保守主义等许多思想学说都与其民族主义思想有着密切的关联。尽管梁启超一直奉行民族主义，但他并没有走上国家、民族至上的不归之路，而是努力把民族主义与自由、民主、宪政等现代性价值相链接，力图实现国家利益与个人利益、民族主义与世界主义的统一。

Firstly, based on the comparative study between the basic concept of nationalism and Chinese foreign concept, world concept, monarch concept, etc., in ancient China, this article holds that there isn't nationalism or traditional nationalism in China before modern times, namely, Chinese nationalism isn't original. Secondly, since the development of nationalism shows any nationalism have dual nature though the base is rational, it is hard to avoid the negative influence of nationalism though advocating of "rational nationalism". Finally, the author holds that the nationalism ideology and the idea of constructing harmony world are uncoordinated and incompatible.

首先，本文通过对民族主义基本理念和古代中国华夷观、天下观、君臣观等的比较分析，认为近代之前的中国不存在民族主义或传统民族主义，亦即中国的民族主义并非"本民族的"；其次，本文认为，民族主义的发展历史表明，虽然民族主义的基础是理性的，但任何民族主义都具有两面性，因此即使我们提倡"理性民族主义"，也很难避免民族主义的负面影响；最后，通过考察、分析民族主义的两面性，本文指出，民族主义的意识形态与建设和谐世界的理念是不协调和不能兼容的。

For Iranian nationalism,itsindependent form hasn't been in existence due to entirely social Islamization after IslamicRevolution,but the nature,ideology of Islamic Revolution and the political development afterrevolution all embodied nationalist meaning,Iranian Nationalism is provided with thecharacteristic of dependent on Islam again,the birth of nationalism having broken away frombondage of religion is still in the future.

对于伊朗民族主义，由于伊朗伊斯兰革命后社会的全面伊斯兰化，伊朗民族主义的独立形态已经不复存在，但伊朗伊斯兰革命无论在革命性质、意识形态以及革命后的政治发展等方面都有一定的民族主义的内涵，伊朗民族主义再次具有了依托和寄生于伊斯兰教的特征，摆脱宗教束缚与羁绊的民族主义在伊朗的产生仍然尚待时日。

Nationalism after the Cold War represents itself in the form of separationism ,religionism,pannationalism,tribal nationalism,etc and its role is mainly negative.

冷战后的民族主义表现为民族分离主义、宗教民族主义、"泛民族主义"、部族民族主义、排外的民族主义、经济与文化的民族主义等形态和特征，其作用以消极、破坏作用为主。

Nationalism after the Cold War represents itself in the form of separationism ,religionism,pannationalism,tribal nationalism,etc and its role is mainly negative.

冷战后的民族主义表现为民族分离主义、宗教民族主义、&泛民族主义&、部族民族主义、排外的民族主义、经济与文化的民族主义等形态和特征，其作用以消极、破坏作用为主。

This thesis takes the case of Anti-Russian Campaign, around which the national discourse of the western-educated student class has been analyzed, and the reason of the tension between nationalism and liberalism has been discussed.

然而，中国民族主义话语构建中却始终存在着种族民族主义对公民民族主义的压倒性优势，换言之，自由主义普世价值从未像民族主义那般在政治社会生活中展现出强大的威力。

After this,the dissertation studied the status in quo and tendency of relation between Islamand nationalism in the Middle East:For Arab nation,Pan-Arab nationalism is increasinglydeclined,but regional Arab nationalism namely'State Nationalism'is now rising,thecontradictory relation between Islamic Fundamentalism and regime of Arab nationalism is stillquite intense,it mainly embodied the challenge of Islamic political opposition to politicallegitimacy and power foundation of regime of nationalism.

文章还分析了中东民族主义与伊斯兰教关系的现状与趋势：对于阿拉伯民族而言，泛阿拉伯民族主义已经日趋衰落，而地区阿拉伯民族主义即&国家民族主义&不断抬升，伊斯兰原教旨主义与阿拉伯民族主义政权之间的矛盾仍将十分紧张，并主要表现为伊斯兰政治反对派对民族主义政权政治合法性和权力根基的挑战。

The historical meanings of earlier Arab national movement are that: First, the rising of nationalism in Arab world pioneers a new routine different from traditional one; Second, the new conception of constructing country causes Arab people to be separated from formulation of religion / empire, and be immersed in construction onrush in neoteric world; Third, the grown-up of nationalism awakens and changes Arabs traditional idea, and adapts them to the new one of national development; Fourth, the thoughts of nationalism rebuilds Arab nation in the background of new era; Fifth, the babyish Pan-Arabism especially in King Era establishes development contrail of Arab world.

早期阿拉伯民族主义运动的历史意义：第一，民族主义在阿拉伯世界的兴起开辟了一条有别于传统的民族发展新路；第二，新型国家构建理念使阿拉伯人逐渐走出宗教／帝国范式，融入近代以来世界范围内的民族国家构建洪流；第三，民族主义的崛起唤醒和改造了阿拉伯人尘封已久的民族自我意识，使其适应新时期民族发展的需求；第四，民族主义思想在新的时代背景下重塑了阿拉伯民族；第五，早期特别是&王政时期&的泛阿拉伯主义运动虽然看起来显得那么稚嫩，但却奠定了阿拉伯世界的发展轨迹：在民族目标上，谋求民族独立或自由成为全民族各阶层的首要共识；在民族统一的问题上，独立的民族国家间的全面合作逐渐取代政治上的统一；在泛阿拉伯主义的另一面旗帜——巴勒斯坦问题上，巴勒斯坦战争预示着武力解决方案的失败，承认以色列、通过和平谈判的方式解决这一问题成为唯一的选择。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。