民族上

The nation state of early modern Europe, however, did not rise out of the divergence of the burgher class and the feudal power.

市民阶级政治思想家从基本的人类理性出发，抽象并论证出独立的、个体人的自然本性和基本权利，进而引申出新时代的国家权力观念、民族共同体观念、民主与共和观念和契约权利观念等人类社会共同体生活的一般理性准则，从而不仅为近代民族国家的确立和发展创设了有利的社会舆论氛围和新价值导向，同时还在理论上规定了近代民族国家的政治思想框架。

The basis of the relation between nomadic and farming cultures in ancient China had been of complementariness in economy,whose formation was determined by various natural environments in which different cultures were distributed,whereas whose contents and developmental direction depended on differences in the ways of earning their living in differing ecological environments.

中国古代游牧文化与农耕文化间关系的基础是经济上的互补性，这种互补性关系的形成是由不同文化所分布的自然环境决定的。而不同生态环境下生计方式的差异又决定着互补关系的内容及其发展方向。历史上游牧民族与农耕民族间在经济上互补关系的主要内容有朝贡贸易、互市贸易以及战争这种非正常的互补形式。

They tend to unify between human and nature, human and divinity, spirit and material, subject and object; hence, their liability for generality. They are more dependent upon intuition and sensibility to learn about things, and are more inclined to copy the already existing objects. Western people, on the other hand, put their emphasis on the co-existence and contradictoriness of duality.

通过阅读大量专著及论文，再加上我个人的思考，我在论文中持以下观点：汉民族在认知上重二元的依存和统一，认为人与自然、人与神、精神与物质、主体与客体是可以合而为一的，汉民族在认知上重视直觉，以感性认识见长，强调对客观事物的临摹，并且倾向从整体上认识事物，重统一，重共性。

With the progress and development of man kind, the application of stones exhibits respective regional and national culture in different countries and nationalities. For application of stones, China is one of the earliest country with a long history and is an indivisible part of Chinese national culture.

随着人类文明的进步与发展，石材的应用在不同的国家和民族形成了各自的地域文化和民族文化；中国是世界上应用石材最早的国家之一，有着悠久的历史，是中国民族文化不可分割的一部分。

This paper argues Japanese letter has undergone these stages that are using Chinese letter, absorbing Chinese letter, writing special Japanese letter by using Chinese letter, writing Chinese letter by using Japanese language, Wan Ye cryptonym, Ping Pian cryptonym, and complex type of writing .

如果说一个民族的文明史是从使用文字进行社会交往和文化承传开始的话，那么可以认为，日本文明的历史从它起始之初便与中国文明结下了不解之缘。日本民族与世界上其它民族一样，很早就有自己的口头语言日语中谓之"大和言蕖"

On the way, By giving the example as the names of the thing (such as silk silks etc.) with color and the basic colorific phrase associated with it, this text demonstrated a fact that the basic colorific phrases were evolved from the names of the thing that include the color, under the function of the come from the method that is borrowing the thing assumes the color, and expatiated the condition of the basic colorific phrase in Chinese language. Take the synthesize colorific phrase implied compliment or dispraiser as an example, explained the imagism of Chinese thought method how to influence the synthesize the colorific phrase, and do it by taking the food, metals and nature scenery makes the ratio at other Chinese thought method that is take shape to analogy as too. It expatiated the influence that the Han ethnologic culture result in the acceptation of the colorific phrase, pass on analyze the diverse the diverse metaphor meanings of colorific phrase and the opposite phenomenon of acceptation among them of, and the colorific etyma metaphor of "yellow","vermilion","purple","blue","green" and "white", under the premise that distinct the different between themetaphor meanings of colorific phrase and colorific etyma metaphor.

由此本文通过例举有色彩含义的事物专有名称及相应的基本色彩词，分析了基本色彩词是在"借物呈色"思维方式的影响下，由有色彩含义的事物专有名称演变而来的事实，并阐述了汉语基本色彩词的状况；以含有褒扬、贬抑语义的合成色彩词为例说明了汉民族"意向性"思维方式对合成色彩词的影响，以取食物、金属、自然界景物作比的合成色彩词为例说明了汉民族"取象类比"思维方式对合成色彩词的影响；在区分色彩词隐喻意义与色彩语素隐喻意义的基础上，通过分析色彩词的多元隐喻意义及其中的语义对立现象，并分析"黄"、"朱"、"紫"、"青"、"绿"、"白"等色彩语素的隐喻意义，阐述了汉民族文化对色彩词语义的影响。

This paper probes into the ruling policies and its influences of the Qing Dynasty on the basis of the analysis of the Li Insurgence, sums up its experiences and lessons, and comes to the conclusion that the nationality equality, the nationality solidification and the nationality co-prosperity can only be fulfilled by developing the polity, economy and culture of the minority nationalities vigorously and constantly.

本文从分析清王朝"黎乱"着手，进一步阐述其治黎政策以及影响，摊开其治黎史上的得失，总结其经验教训，最后通过清末的开发得出必须大力发展少数民族的政治、经济、文化才能达到民族平等、民族团结以及民族共同繁荣的规律。

Khitan is an ancient ethnic group in the North China.

契丹是古代北方地区古老的民族，在历史上建立了辽政权，在本民族与中原王朝及周邻民族的往来中，形成独特的饮食文化，并在辽代墓葬壁画中淋漓尽致地表现出来。

In this article,we try to prove:1In the history of language in Europe,German is not closer to Greek than the languages of Latin family including French;2Return to the Thought of ancient Greece only by ascending to its origin is just a wrong way;3No any national language could monopolize the philosophy;4French as a national language has its great character which is very special and helpful for building the unique identity of French philosophy.

单纯通过追溯起源来回归希腊思想在哲学上是一种虚假的乡愁；3。语言本身并不能穷尽思，从而没有哪种民族语言可以独享哲学的特权；4。而法语作为一种民族语言，其本身在言说思想的同时比其他语言更注重一种"讲述的文学性"，从而与思想本身形成了一种强大的张力和互动关系，从而使法国哲学显现出强大的创造力，并由此奠定了"法语哲学"之区别于德语哲学以及其他民族语言哲学的明显特征和身份。

As a consequence, all of these historically, culturally and linguistically affinitive subgroups in China were legally recognized as a people, who are collectively referred to as "苗族" in the Chinese language, and who are entitled to autonomy rights as one of the 55 unitary minority nationalities of the PRC.

就这样，在历史上、文化上、语言上有着共同亲缘关系的若干不同支系，终于在法律地位上被承认为一个民族，汉语统称为&苗族&，并且与中国55个统一的少数民族中的其他民族一样，享有了自治权。

Plunder melds and run with this jewel!

掠夺melds和运行与此宝石！

My dream is to be a crazy growing tree and extend at the edge between the city and the forest.

此刻，也许正是在通往天国的路上，我体验着这白色的晕旋。