民族

The introduction first briefly reviews Western Europe\'s universal order of "recht" in middle ages: As independent political units, the city, the manor, the church parish, the ligeance and so on were set in a rank order, the relations between each rank were established in legal form, empire represented the highest rank, and simultaneously played an arbitrator\'s role, was the arbitrator of political units subordinated to the emperor. All of these ranks were placed in natural order created by God, thus, the Christianity religious doctrine had provided the final validity for the universal legal orders; then the symbiotic of the political evolution and the legal transformation will be discussed. Western jurisprudence resided in the Church during the middle Ages, after entering into modern era, resorted to the state."State" instead of "empire" became the basic concept of modem law, and new order of "recht" was bound to make legitimate argumentation for the nation; finally, the background and sketches of this article is explained. It will trace and analyze intrinsic evolution of the idea of legal order in the background of concrete politics--especially the geopolitics, inspects how the different nation-states split up from universal Christianly world and obtain their independence, inspecting differences of respective national path, the fit or unfit quality and the success or failure in this process.

导论首先简要回顾西欧中世纪大一统的法权秩序：作为独立政治单元的各城市、庄园、教区、领地等被镶嵌在一个等级秩序中，各个等级之间以法律的形式来确立相互之间的关系，帝国代表最高等级，同时扮演仲裁人的角色，是臣属其下的各个政治单元之间的仲裁者，而帝国等级又被安置在上帝创造的自然秩序中，因而，是基督教教义为大一统的法权秩序提供了最终的合法性；接着指出西欧政治演变与法权变革的共生性：西方法学在中世纪寄身于教会之中，进入近代以后则投靠了国家，&国家&代替&帝国&，成为近代法学构造的基本概念，新的法权秩序必然围绕民族国家展开；最后说明本文的论述方式和基本思路：本文将在具体的政治——特别是地缘政治——的背景中，追踪和解析法权观念的内在演变，由此进一步****不同民族国家内、异质的法权秩序如何从过去大一统的世界中分化剥离并获得独立，并试图检讨这一过程中不同民族道路的差异、优劣和得失。

It with distinctive exterior modelling, rich culture connotation, the life that reflected each nation to differ from a flank is belief of consuetudinary, religion, aesthetic consciousness and ethical history, also condensing the clever He Zhihui of each nation at the same time.

它以独特的外观造型、丰富的文化内涵，从一个侧面反映了各民族不同的生活习俗、宗教信仰、审美意识和民族历史，同时也凝聚着各民族的聪明和聪明。

In a word, by the research method of comparison and emphasis on the bud, form, development and contabescence of feudal lord system from Song dynasty until the initial stages of liberation, this dissertation discusses the intrinsic factors of the social form of feudal lord system by comparing the similar nationalities, Dai Nationality of Xishuangbanna inYunnan and Zhuang Nationality in western Guangxi, hoping to realize the common disciplinarians of the two nationalities and find the special process of them.

总之，全文通过论述桂西壮族和西双版纳傣族宋代至解放初期封建领主制萌芽、形成、发展、衰亡的发展历程，通过比较的研究方法，比较桂西壮族和西双版纳傣族两个相近似的民族地区在封建领主制这一社会形态中的异同和形成这种异同的内在因素，冀此来认识两个民族社会发展进程中所经历的共同规律，发现这两个民族各自经历的特殊历程。

The vocabulary in portrayal of characters with the same designative meaning may have the same or partly same associative meaning in different nations.

指称意义相同的人物肖像描写词汇在不同民族中有些可以引起相同或部分相同的联想，有些则仅在一个民族中引起丰富联想，而在另一个民族中不能引起联想，因而造成了汉英翻译中其联想意义的亏损，导致貌合神离，为了将这种文化上的亏损程度降低，在翻译中应采取变通手段进行补偿。

Improving the governing capability of the CPC on national work is the important part of strengthening governing capability of the CPC and the practical requirement for the CPC to deal with the national matter in the new century, which needs to be improved by five aspects according to the strategic dispositional plans of the Party building in the new stage.

加强党在民族工作方面的执政能力建设是提高党的执政能力的重要方面，也是党在新世纪解决好民族问题的现实要求。按照新时期党的建设的战略部署，党在民族工作方面的执政能力建设也需要从五个方面来不断提高和完善。

The drama art in Xinjiang, haw a long history, Each nation created its drama with unique artistic characteristics and styles based on its traditional culture. According to form and genre, the drama is divided into opera, dance drama and local drama. If distingue by national feature and region, I key are Uighur opera, Kazak opera, Sibo opera, melody opera and other local opera from the other pants of China.

新疆的戏剧艺术具有悠久的历史，各个民族在自己传统文化的基础上创造了独具艺术特色与风格的民族戏剧，按其艺术形式和体裁划分有歌剧、舞剧和地方戏曲，以民族特点和地域划分则有维吾尔剧、哈萨克剧、锡伯剧以及从我国内地传入新疆的曲子戏和其它地方戏曲。

In his literary and dramatic works, Lessing expressed the thoughts to Enlighten and foster the national sprit and even to set up an integral national civilization; what"s more, he opposed the feudal separationist rule with his ideal of Kosmopolitismus. At that time, after succeeding and developing European humanist tradition, Lessing formed his religious philosophy and religious tolerance, with his rational opinion, he deepened the profundity of German Enlightenment. Furthermore, he created townspeople"s drama and advocated the realistic aesthetics. On the one hand, he praised their disposition and expressed their political desire and class interest, which made the townspeople as a new motive force to the German Enlightenment. In addition, Lessing"s Enlighten. thoughts greatly influenced the following movement—Sturm Und Drang. The essence of Lessing"s thoughts is our common valuable prosperity.In a word. Germany then greatly needed a person like Lessing, and Lessing was the child of German Enlightenment.

面对法国文化长期统治德国文化界的现状，莱辛勇敢地站出来反对&法国化&倾向，对德意志全社会进行民族启蒙，通过戏剧理论及作品，表达了建立统一的民族文化、培植德意志民族精神的思想，同时他提倡世界主义，并用它来为民族主义服务，以反对当时德国的分裂割据；他的宗教哲学思想及宗教宽容精神继承和发扬了西欧的人文主义传统，反映了莱辛的理性观，也针砭了当时德国的时弊，是他对德国启蒙运动进行的有益的探索，拓宽了德国启蒙运动的深度；莱辛在实践中创作了市民剧，他的市民主义和现实主义美学思想弘扬了市民阶级的性格，表达了他们的政治愿望和阶级利益，为德国启蒙运动增加了新的动力，是莱辛所作的杰出贡献之一；莱辛的启蒙思想对后世特别是狂飙突进运动有着重大的影响，他的思想中的精华部分是人类的共同财富。

The paper analyzes the formation of this kind of bilingual education form and the relationship between the social environment where Dungan nationality located,the social function of Dungan language,and the national psychology of Dungan nationality.

在120余年的历程中，由于生存需要和学校教育的结果，使这个原本操用单语的民族群体渐变成了一个多数人能够使用两种以上语言的双语民族群体，即在家庭中使用自己的民族语言——东干语，在

Mentality depict in Chinese ancient poems have a kind of national character discriminate the west literature works ,that is emotionize mentality depict ,it display deep native character for long time.

中国古代诗歌中的心理描写具有一种有别于西方文学作品心理描写的民族特征，这就是情绪化心理描写，它表现了长期以来民族文化积淀所形成的深厚的民族特性。

Further discussion on the culture's influence on the development of national gym, about how to advance our conventional gym in new era could has significant bearing, not only for keeping our gym's energic life, but also for bringing forth its eternal charisma on the stage of international gym.

笔者为了深入探讨中国传统文化对民族传统体育发展的影响作用，通过查阅有关资料，走访相关专家学者，对于如何在新时期弘扬民族传统体育，使民族传统体育不仅在中华大地上保持其持久旺盛的生命力，而且在世界体育舞台上展示其永恒的魅力与风采提出了自己的看法。

I didn't watch TV last night, because it .

昨晚我没有看电视，因为电视机坏了。

Since this year, in a lot of villages of Beijing, TV of elevator liquid crystal was removed.

今年以来，在北京的很多小区里，电梯液晶电视被撤了下来。