民族

As a newborn subject, there are still many problems. This paper summarizes the contemporary research situation of the folk traditional sports, including the concept, origin, character, items classification, developing trend, adhibition and regional study in the field of the folk traditional sports.

但是目前存在的问题仍然很多，本文全面总结了当代以来民族传统体育的研究现状，分别从民族传统体育的概念、民族传统体育的起源、民族传统体育的特征、民族传统体育的项目分类、民族传统体育的发展趋势、区域性民族传统体育的研究和民族传统体育的应用性领域等七个方面进行了论述。

On the basis of analysing and summarizing the situationchanges of the growth and decline of national and ethnic issues on international level, caused by thegeopolitical contention among imperial hegemonist powers, andon the domestic level withnin multi—ethnic states all overthe world during the 20th century,this article demostrates inan all—round waythe characteristics of national and ethnicissues through the discussion on the enlightment that weshould gain from the situation changes of the growth anddecline of national and ethnic issues; puts forward the newviewpoint that national and ethnic issues also possesscharacteristics ofuniversality and internationality besidesthose of their protracted nature, complex nature andimportance,and emphaticlly analyses the essential distinctionbetween the internationality nature and the"internationalization" of ethnic issues.

知识词典世界民族京1～12A849民族研究郝时远20002000本文对20世纪世界范围内国际层面的民族问题、帝国霸权的地缘政治争夺所引发的民族问题以及国内层面的民族问题的消长态势进行了分析和归纳，并通过世纪之交世界民族问题的消长态势留给人们的启示，就全面认识民族问题的特点进行了论证，在传统的民族问题的长期性、复杂性和重要性特点基础上，提出了民族问题还具有普遍性和国际性特点的新观点，分析了民族问题的国际性与民族问题"国际化"的本质区别。

But through the investigation we find that the contact between the national members take the economic exchange as their suppert.Third,the Huis and Hans have positive and stable attitude toward inter-ethnic contacts in the psychological scale ,such as colleagues,group ,neighours and making friends.But the upgrade of their religious beliefs,the Huis have a high congnition in the national consciousness and the national identity .The Huis and the Hans have a high sense of identity in the same sex in the contacts by the impact of the traditional Chinese culture and the division model .Regard to the deep-seated inter-ethnic-marriage contact,members of the Huis and Hans have certain reservations .Especially,the Huia have the attitude because of the religion belief .

第三，在交往的心理尺度上，回汉民族的交往态度积极稳定，对民族间日常的交往，如同事、团体、经济、做邻居及其交友方面都有很高的积极态度，但同时由于宗教信仰对于民族意识(来源：A82B2f66C论文网www.abclunwen.com)和民族认同、情感方面的提升作用，回族对民族交往的民族身份有很高的认同；受中国传统文化和分工模式的影响，回汉民族成员对交往的同性别对象有很高的认同感；对于民族间的深层次交往——婚姻交往，回汉民族成员都有一定的保留，尤其是回族对于宗教信仰的崇敬，比较反对回汉之间的通婚，汉族也因生活习惯的差异对族际通婚持保留态度，心理距离相对较远。

The theory presents a systematic reply to the question of how to seek ethnic liberation, cope with ethnic relationships, solve ethnic problems and promote ethnic development in our underdeveloped country, In addition, it provides a correct guiding principle about ethnic work and ensures the lay-down of a series of correct ethnic policies, which play a vital role in the promotion of liberation and development of all Chinese ethnic groups and in the keep-up and strengthening of ethnic solidarity.

在长期的革命和建设实践中，以毛泽东、邓小平、江泽民为代表的中国共产党人，把马克思主义民族理论与中国实际相结合，创造性地丰富和发展了马克思主义，卓有成效地创立了具有中国特色的民族问题理论，系统地回答了我们这样一个不发达的多民族国家，如何争取民族解放、处理民族关系、解决民族问题、促进民族发展的一系列基本问题，奠定了中国共产党做好民族工作的正确的指导思想，使我们党制定了一系列正确的民族政策，对于争取中华民族大家庭中的各民族的翻身解放和繁荣发展，以及维护和加强各民族之间的团结，起了十分重要的作用。

So the Chinese word "民族"is not a loanword from the West through Japan.

"民族"一词不属于"现代汉语的中-日-欧外来词"。

Based on ethnology theory, sociology and other subject perspectives, starting from cases of sample questionnaire and network of college students'national consciousness, it analyzes the basic characteristics of college students'national consciousness. Then, review the historical changing track of college students'consciousness Since the reform and opening time, and analyze the obsessional factors of college students'consciousness; and then, generalize some ordinary guiding and cultivating strategies. Taking the education of outlook on nation in Guangxi University for Nationalities for an example to introduce the facilitation experience of college students'national consciousness in national institutions. This provides effective reference to guiding and cultivating college students'national consciousness.

本文坚持以马克思主义的世界观和方***作指点，立足于民族理论、社会学等学科视角，从大学生民族意识的现实抽样问卷与网络表达的个案调查入手，剖析大学生民族意识的基本特性，接着，归顾改造开放以来大学生的民族意识历史演化轨迹并剖析大学生民族意识的现实困扰因素；入而，归纳普通院校大学生民族意识导育策略，并以广西民族大学民族观教育为例介绍民族院校的大学生民族意识导育经验，以期对高校大学生民族意识导育工作提供有效的借鉴。

This is, for China and other multiracial countries, very positive and may give some solutions for the future. In the introduction there is an explanation of the reason why I choose this title and also the questions about Switzerland in the field of present research and the meaning of those researches. The first part describes the formation of the community of Switzerland, and there I define the word "community" and the peculiarity of each member of this community, the time the Swiss people take to build this community. The second part describes this formation with more details like geographical problem, language differences, the psychological pugnacity for liberty, the practical art of neutrality and the freedom for religious behavior. Those themes prove the formation of the Swiss community. The third part contains the following topics: the international position of Switzerland and its stability, the balance of economic production, the foundation of the Swiss government and the charm of its feature. For those topics I use the economic, political and cultural angle.

全文分为瑞士多民族社会的形成，在这一部分中重点介绍了民族和民族共同体的界定，瑞士各民族的地理分布及主要特征，瑞士民族共同体形成的历史时间断限，在这一部分中特别提出了民族共同体的概念，为全文的行文打下一个概念基础；在瑞士民族共同体形成的表现部分中，共分为语言和地域差别问题的消弭，崇尚独立自由的心理素质的确立，中立外交政策的奉行，宗教多元化的制衡等几个小的部分，四个部分平衡并立，共同来论证瑞士民族共同体的表现；在瑞士民族共同体诞生的原因中，共分为以下几个部分，有瑞士特殊的国际地位与多民族社会的稳定，平衡发达的经济及其吸引力，多元政治体制的建构和灿烂文化和性格的魅力，也就是从政治、经济和文化三个角度对这个问题进行了阐述；在现代瑞士多民族社会问题部分中，有如下几个部分瑞士的外来人口在瑞士国家的生活状况，外来人口融合中的困难，以及瑞士民族共同体中其他的一些社会问题，主要探讨的是瑞士社会中的外国人的生活状况，以及在融合和同化的过程中的成功经验以及给整个瑞士社会带来的几个突出的社会问题；最后是对现代瑞士多民族社会问题的思考，也就是从和睦性，认同感以及民族平等政策三个角度中进行的分析。

While ethnic tourism promotes socio-economic development to ethnical areas,it also results in series of negative effects on the local ethnical culture.among them,the ethnical culture distortion is the most outstanding problem,show mainly in the field of the following: the ethnical culture assimilation,commercialization,vulgarization,the outlook on values transmutation,the culture' smriti fault,the "protogenesis soil"environment of ethnical cultural met with destroying and the hipping exploitation,and so on....

旅游业的发展在促进民族地区社会经济发展的同时，也给民族文化带来了一些消极影响。其中民族文化的失真是民族旅游发展最突出的问题，主要表现在：民族文化的同化、商品化、庸俗化、价值观的蜕变、文化传承的断层、民族文化环境&原生土壤&遭到破坏和开发的模式化等方面。应该根据民族地区的具体情况，采用民俗博物馆、民族文化村、生态博物馆和&前台、帷幕、后台&功能分区模式，对民族文化加以保护。

In order to intensify the research work of the folk traditional sports, we should put into the practice in the following aspects: Firstly, quickening the research of its subject systems, embodying characteristic of time, totally programming, sticking out its feature, complementary, and expanding applications; Secondly, strengthening the research, bringing its items in dividing into four parts: fossil type, origin type, developing type, les-matured type, and fully-matured type, and build up the museum of the folk and traditional physical culture, new items and international "popular sports"; Thirdly, reinforcing the building of the cultivating systems of professionals in the field of the folk traditional sports; Once more, intensifying the applying research in combining the folk traditional sports with school education; Fifthly, the applying research that makes the folk traditional sports be one of the most efficient means for "sports for all" in China; Finally, research about the folk traditional sports and athleticism, which makes use of various games to promote the industrialization and socialization of the folk traditional sports.

为了进一步地加强我国的民族传统体育研究，应该从以下几个方面来实施：一是加快民族传统体育学学科体系的研究，体现出时代性、整体规划性、突出特色、注意互补性和拓展应用性；二是加大民族传统体育项目的研究力度，提出将民族传统体育的项目分为：化石型、原始型、发育期型、较成熟型和成熟型，建立民族传统体育文化博物馆、民族特色项目和创立国际&名牌&；三是加强民族传统体育专业人才培养体系的研究；四是强化民族传统体育与学校教育相结合的应用性研究；五是民族传统体育成为全民健身有效手段之一的应用研究；六是民族传统体育与运动竞赛的研究，利用各种运动会的形式促进民族传统体育的产业化和社会化。

The historical meanings of earlier Arab national movement are that: First, the rising of nationalism in Arab world pioneers a new routine different from traditional one; Second, the new conception of constructing country causes Arab people to be separated from formulation of religion / empire, and be immersed in construction onrush in neoteric world; Third, the grown-up of nationalism awakens and changes Arabs traditional idea, and adapts them to the new one of national development; Fourth, the thoughts of nationalism rebuilds Arab nation in the background of new era; Fifth, the babyish Pan-Arabism especially in King Era establishes development contrail of Arab world.

早期阿拉伯民族主义运动的历史意义：第一，民族主义在阿拉伯世界的兴起开辟了一条有别于传统的民族发展新路；第二，新型国家构建理念使阿拉伯人逐渐走出宗教／帝国范式，融入近代以来世界范围内的民族国家构建洪流；第三，民族主义的崛起唤醒和改造了阿拉伯人尘封已久的民族自我意识，使其适应新时期民族发展的需求；第四，民族主义思想在新的时代背景下重塑了阿拉伯民族；第五，早期特别是&王政时期&的泛阿拉伯主义运动虽然看起来显得那么稚嫩，但却奠定了阿拉伯世界的发展轨迹：在民族目标上，谋求民族独立或自由成为全民族各阶层的首要共识；在民族统一的问题上，独立的民族国家间的全面合作逐渐取代政治上的统一；在泛阿拉伯主义的另一面旗帜——巴勒斯坦问题上，巴勒斯坦战争预示着武力解决方案的失败，承认以色列、通过和平谈判的方式解决这一问题成为唯一的选择。

As she looked at Warrington's manly face, and dark, melancholy eyes, she had settled in her mind that he must have been the victim of an unhappy attachment.

每逢看到沃林顿那刚毅的脸，那乌黑、忧郁的眼睛，她便会相信，他一定作过不幸的爱情的受害者。

Maybe they'll disappear into a pothole.

也许他们将在壶穴里消失