民居

There is an original relationship between traditional hakka residential architecture and the social histories and the regional natural environments at that time. The traditional hakka residential architecture in Meizhou is established on Nature worship, and keep in harmony with natural environments. For examples, the locations of bildings are in line with local conditions; the layouts and styles are usually based on the rule of south exposure and central axis symmetry; the structures lay stress on functions and comfort and harmony with local environments. Unreasonable artificial alteration, for example, cutting slope and building house under the slope are usually triggers landslides, collapses and other geological disasters, and it has become the most dangerous and latent factor to the geological disasters. The ecological environment idea of the traditional hakka residential architecture in Meizhou region has still certain referential significance for modern residential architecture.

实证应用分析研究表明，梅州客家传统民居建筑与当时的社会历史背景、区域自然环境因素之间存在着密切关系；客家民居建筑渗透出尊重自然，与自然环境融为一体的生态环境理念，具体表现为选址上做到因地取舍与回归自然相统一，布局上讲究座北朝南与中轴对称相结合，建筑上注重实用舒适与环境氛围相融合；不合理削坡建房常常诱发崩塌、滑坡等地质灾害，成为地质灾害发生的最大潜在因子；梅州传统客家民居建筑的生态环境理念对现代民居建筑仍然具有借鉴与启示作用。

Chapter 2 introduces the background of the research mainly including the geographical environment, the history and the culture, the living consuetude, the relationship between the economy and the decoration art of the traditional dwellings, the progress of the decoration art of the traditional dwellings of Qing Dynasty.

第二章介绍了江西九江地区清代民居建筑装饰艺术背景，主要包括地理环境，历史文化，生活习俗，经济与民居装饰以及清代民居建筑装饰艺术的发展。

Therefore, the part of analyzing questions compares and analyzesarchitectural elements involved in traditional folk houses and municipal housing from threeaspects such as world view of humanism, nature and psychology, which aims to seek a commonground between modern municipal housing and aspects of cultural recessiveness such ashumanism spirits involved in traditional residences. Then, this dissertation will put forward thedesign method concerning application of traditional folk houses" elements to modern housing, andthen try to change current drawbacks of municipal housing such as lack of expression and neglectof sensation, so that it is possible to explore another development path for people"s betterinhabitancy as well as to provide a new way of thought for forming resident architecture theorywith Chinese characteristic.

因此分析问题部分从自然观、人文观和心理观三方面对传统民居和城市住宅中的建筑元素进行比较分析，目的是找出传统民居中凝结的人文精神与情感智慧等文化隐性层面与当代城市住宅的契合点，提出传统民居元素在现代住宅中应用的设计方法，从而试图改变现有现代城市住宅"缺乏表情，忽视情感"等现有的缺憾，以期为人们更好地栖居生活探索另一条发展途径，也为形成有中国特色居住建筑理论提供一种新的思考方式。

Traditional houses have their separate vicissitudes under the same impact of modern society. Among three ethnic groups on the highlands of Sumatra, Batak Toba and Minangkabau still keep amounts of traditional houses, yet Batak Karo's traditional houses are decreasing rapidly. It is hypothesized that different vicissitudes of house types might attribute to their typological adaptabilities.

传统民居在同样的现代化冲击之下，出现同的兴衰面貌，苏门答岛山岳地区的三个种族(Batak Karo， Batak Toba， Minangkabau)当中，Batak Toba与Minangkabau仍保有相当的传统民居，Batak Karo的传统民居却迅速减少中，道何在？

This paper mainly includes two parts The first part falls into three main sections. First, it analyses the formative causes of the Chinese traditional house interior display art through five aspects, including the structure and forms of Chinese traditional architecture, the productive mode of Chinese traditional society, Chinese traditional philosophy, the idea of ethics and grading and custom of Chinese traditional society. Second, it briefly introduces the history of Chinese traditional house interior display art's development. Finally, it focuses on the analysis of Chinese traditional house interior display art's design ideas and concludes that its design ideas embodies the five sides as follows: respect for nature and imitate artfully nature, practical-oriented and function incorporated into form, images of space of what the theory and practice forms, balanced natural pattern of the display, artifacts with the thoughts and respect for poetic imagery. Another part of the article further researches on the application of Chinese traditional house interior display ideas to the contemporary home display, and leads to the author's view, that is that each era should has its own character when it inherits the traditional culture. What's more, the contemporary Chinese-style home display design not only have to take over the spirit of the tradition but also have to give full consideration of the contemporary aesthetic concepts, principles and methods. In the 21st century, humanistic care is greatly proponed in the interior design. The interior display art should develop towards the ecological, personalized and comfortable direction and the cultural dimensions. It should absorb the traditional cultural elements to decorate contemporary living space. In order to upgrade the simple and primary "appearance likeness" to a higher level of "spirit likeness", it must effectively grasp the poetic imagery of space, which can reach the artistic effect of "both appearance and spirits".

本文的重点内容有两部分：一部分是从中国传统建筑的结构形式、中国传统社会的生产方式、中国传统的哲学观念、中国传统的伦理等级观念、中国传统社会的风俗习惯等五个方面简单分析了中国传统民居室内陈设艺术形成的原因；简要介绍了中国传统民居室内陈设艺术的发展过程；着重对中国传统民居室内陈设艺术设计理念的具体内涵进行了深入的分析，总结出其设计理念集中体现在五个方面，即崇尚自然与巧法造化、实用为本与文质彬彬、虚实相生的空间意象、均衡自然的陈设格局、器以载道与以境为尚；另一部分是对中国传统民居室内陈设设计理念在当代居室陈设设计中的应用作了较深层次的探讨，并提出了自己的见解，即每个时代对传统文化的继承都应该呈现出自己的特色，当代中式风格的居室陈设设计既要秉承传统民居室内陈设艺术的设计精髓，又要充分考虑当代审美观念、原则和方法的融入。21世纪，室内设计大力提倡人文关怀，具体到室内陈设艺术设计上，应该向生态化、个性化、舒适化和文化层面发展；吸收传统文化元素装饰当代居室空间，要有效地把握空间意境，使当代中式风格的居室陈设设计从简单、初级的&形似&上升到较高层次的&神似&，进而追求&形神兼备&的艺术效果。

Firstly, this issue discussed has important practical significance, so I carried an elaborate investigation to'small-town house and traditional village-house'in district of Huizhou. In the foundation of the investigation, I collected and incorporated many data of it, and abstracted the characteristics of the district, including distribution, size, scale, color, constructing fashions, and so on, and then, I summarized Huizhou's housing situation, types of houses, constructional styles, etc. Secondly, after above analysis, I revealed the rules that the public houses evolved from traditional fashions to modern ones, and researched how to deal with the questions that we integrated traditional characteristics into modern houses and life styles. Finally, I selected typical house plans from large quantity of practical projects and adapted and perfected them to demonstrate the theory discussed above combining the compilation of standard cutlines of local traditional construction.

论文的上篇，由于本课题具有很强的实践意义，所以对徽州地区小城镇住宅和传统村落做了较为详尽的调研；对传统民居基础资料进行收集与整理，提炼出徽州地区传统民居的特色，包括其布局、比例、尺度、色彩、构造等做法；并对徽州地区小城镇住宅建设情况、住宅类型、建设方式等方面进行概述；中篇在上篇分析的基础上，揭示了从传统民居到现代住宅的演变规律，并研究如何解决传统特色与现代住宅和生活模式相结合的问题；下篇是从大量实践工程中挑选出有典型代表的住宅方案和构造大样，加以修改完善、突出传统特色，并结合编制《地方传统建筑》标准图集的实践，论证前面所述的理论。

In Gongshan and Fugong counties of Nujiang Valley,the structure and material of traditional dwellings were investigated,after which the basic classification was made according to the roof,wall and floor of traditional dwellings.The timber requirement of major traditional dwellings and fuelwood consumption resulting from their poor warm-keeping capability were estimated.

在云南怒江峡谷贡山和福贡2县，通过对传统民居结构和材料的调查，将民居按屋顶、墙体和地板进行分类的基础上；对其中主要民居类型的民用材消耗量及民居结构导致的薪材消耗量进行了估算，表明传统民居的用材选择和建筑结构是决定当地森林资源消耗方式和数量的主导因素。

The inherit and development of Anhwei Chinese home furniture, conception of the designing innovation and revelation of the modernization of traditional Chinese home furniture design are being put forward for consideration .

倡导徽州古民居家具雕刻装饰艺术的传承，提出设计与创新理念，启进中国现代民居家具设计，为民居家具发展的现代化创新指出方向。

With the clue of the communal space of Anhwei Chinese home and the investigation of Anhwei Chinese home furniture, the paper studies on how the furniture keep up with the style of the architecture in modality, custom and aesthetics.

本文以徽州西递、宏村古民居公共空间为线索，对典型的徽州古民居家具进行调查，探讨徽派民居家具如何在雕刻装饰风格上保持传统优秀形态元素，适合生活习惯与审美要求，并与宫廷家具和官宦家具研究作一定的典型差异性比较。

This study has observed a complete evolution of Malay house types in Negeri Sembilan, as well as an incomplete evolution in Kelantan. Generative capability and construction were found to be the typological genes of house types in this study.

本研究过程中可观看到完整的森美兰民居类型演化实例与不完整的吉兰丹民居类型演化实例，亦可理解民居类型衍生能力与构造因素成为民居类型基因。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。