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During the postgenomics era the information about genomic sequence and gene functions provides a new foundation for evolutionary biology and ecology As the first whole-genome sequenced plant Arabidopsis thaliana and its wild relatives have played a critical role in understanding the evolution of genomics and speciation Both A halleri and A lyrata are closely related to the model species A thaliana A halleri ssp gemmifera occurs in northeastern China Japan and Taiwan; while its sister A halleri ssp halleri is mainly distributed in Europe Geographical barriers such as Tienshan Mountain Range isolate these intraspecific sisters Likewise A lyrata ssp kamchatica and ssp lyrata occur in East Asia and North America respectively Such distribution patterns seem to be consistent with allopartic speciation The comparison between ancestral and extant polymorphism by multilocus can be informative about the population genetics of speciation In this study we collected and analyzed DNA sequences of 98 genes from four wild relatives of A thaliana A halleri ssp gemmifera A halleri ssp halleri A lyrata ssp kamchatica and A lyrata ssp lyrata The ancestral states of these four species were compared to each other in terms of level of genetic variation However the ancestral species at the time of speciation were substantially more polymorphic than the extant geographical populations The observations are not fully compatible with speciation by strict allopatry At some species pairs parapatric speciation seems more reasonable in speciation of Arabidopsis The 98 gene sequences are also used for the congruence test between gene genealogy and species phylogeny Only 28 genes support the species phylogeny but there are 23 genes supports another major genealogy { lyrata} thaliana Based on the phylogenetic position change of A lyrata ssp kamchatica and Ks value for each species pair suggested the recent directional gene flow between A halleri ssp gemmifera and A lyrata ssp kamchatica

阿拉伯芥是第一个完成基因体定序的开花植物,其基因体资讯提供植物学研究的重要依据;在解析阿拉伯芥属物种的亲缘关系以及种化机制等重要的演化议题时,阿拉伯芥近缘的野生物种自然成了不可或缺的关键;跟阿拉伯芥近缘的物种包括A halleri及A lyrata,其中A halleri ssp gemmifera主要分布於中国东北、日本以及台湾,与近缘的A halleri ssp halleri其分布於欧洲隔著天山及大陆的障蔽,而A lyrata ssp kamchatica主要分布於东北亚及台湾,与分布於北美五大湖的A lyrata ssp lyrata被北极圈所分隔,这样的分布模式暗示异域种化的可能。藉由多基因分析比较祖先物种与现生物种遗传歧异度的相关可提供讯息探讨种化时期的族群遗传结构,本研究针对A halleri ssp gemmifera、A halleri ssp halleri及A lyrata ssp kamchatica、A lyrata ssp lyrata四个物种,两对互为亚种的姊妹群,以阿拉伯芥为外群进行研究,在四个物种完成98个同源基因的分子序列,利用套装软体MCMCcoal来估算祖先物种的遗传变异,亦估算现生物种的核苷酸歧异度,观察到?多物种配对中祖先物种遗传多型性大於现生物种DNA歧异度,显示异域种化模型并无法完全解释阿拉伯芥属物种的种化模式,在某些物种配对间邻域种化模式应比异域种化更为可能;在基因树与物种树的比较,98个基因片段的亲缘模式只有28个是与已知物种树一致的,有23个基因其树状图支持{ lyrata} thaliana的型式,藉由kamchatica位置的变化以及估算各物种配对间的平均同义置换率,推测在A halleri ssp gemmifera与A lyrata ssp kamchatica间具有近代的单方向基因交流。

We give several sufficient conditions of NA and NSD properties of random variables, compare the closeness of distribution functions of order statistics between NA and independent rv's, investigate properties of NSD defined by supermodular functions, study the dependence structure of stationary Markov process and order statistics and their spacings from two samples, establish stochastic comparisons of order statistics of heterogeneous rv's in the hazard rate and the reversed hazard rate orders, and give the first analytic proof of the closure property of the up shifted likelihood ratio order under convolution.

给出判定一组随机变量NA性质的几个充分条件,并给出NA和独立随机变量的次序统计量之间"贴近性"的比较,系统地研究基于特殊函数类所定义的NSD负相依概念,给出一些判别NSD性质的结构定理和一些有用概率不等式。系统研究平稳马氏过程的相依结构。研究两样本次序统计量及其问题隔的相依结构。在失效率、反向失效率序和似然序意义下给出非齐次随机变量次序统计量的比较。给出上漂移似然序卷积封闭性的第一个解析证明。

The configuration scheme of lightning arrestor protection for converter station, the principle of insulation coordination and overvoltage protection strategy for converter station are analyzed; the parameters and characteristic of lightning arresters are calculated; after analyzing the overvoltage protection for equipments and insulation level of equipments in detail, the discharge voltage of air clearances in converter station is given preliminarily.

自2005年国家电网公司部署建设±800kV直流特高压输电工程以来,组织国内外直流专业公司、科研院所、设计单位开展了广泛的研究工作[1-5]。从主接线方案的比较、户内外直流开关场的选择到绝缘裕度的确定,都从绝缘配合设计的角度进行了研究和比较,取得了大量研究成果[6-11]。

The first is the introduction, which introduces the background and significance of topic ,and introduce the definiens of asset-banked securities and the development of asset-banked securities at home and abroad, and the studies of asset-banked securities, to point out that the study of the accounting for asset-banked securities and special purpose entities is a relatively unfamiliar topic in china ,which has not form a fairly complete theoretical system, and then describes the research methodology and the innovation of this paper .

论文共分五大部分,第一部分绪论介绍了选题背景和意义,介绍了资产证券化的涵义及国内外发展现状、国内外的研究综述,指出对资产证券化会计与特殊目的实体的研究在中国还属于比较陌生的课题,没有形成比较完善的理论体系,最后,就本文的研究方法及创新点作了初步论述。

Zhan has determined the maximum and minimum numbers of positive entries of imprimitive irreducible nonnegative matrices with a given imprimitivity index. In this paper, we prove that if a positive integer is between the maximum and minimum numbers, then there exists an irreducible nonnegative matrix A with the given imprimitivity index and with the given number of positive entries.

非负矩阵是矩阵论中研究比较活跃的领域,不可约非负矩阵是比较重要的非负矩阵,本文分两部分,一部分主要在詹兴致教授的研究基础上研究了给定非本原性指标的不可约非负矩阵中非零元个数的连续性,肯定地回答了詹兴致提出的一个自然的问题。

Chapter one is "Introduction". On the basis of summarizing the history of the study of the pictophonetic characters, we suppose some theoretical principle, such as the principle of the correspondence between the form and the meaning of the individual graph of Chinese characters, the principle of the total graphs of Chinese characters being a character-formation system, and the principle of the optimum development of the character -formation system in the history, and som analytic methods, such as the methods of structrue-function analysis, form-position analysis and meaning factor analysis, in the study of the pictophonetic characters. Chapter two is titled"General knwledge of the pictophonetic character." We discuss their origins, nature and some standards of distingnishing them, introduce the knowledge about the editions of SHUO WEN JIE ZI, analyse the functions of the modules of pictophonetic characters in detail, discuss concretely the function of phonetic graphs showing origins and pronunciations, the function of meaning graphs showing meanings and analogies, and the function of distinguishment when the two kinds of graphs are conbined. Chapter three is"The system of meaning graphs of Xiao Zhuan system."After we describe the structure of the meaning graph system, the relations between meaning graphs, the distributions of the function of meaning graphs showing meanings, and the frequency of all this kind of graphs, we get a table of all meaning graphs, a table of the frequency. Chapter four is"The system of phonetic graphs of Xiao Zhuan system."We describe the structure of the phonetic graph system, the relations between phonetic graphs, and between their function showing origins and their function showing pronunciations, and their frequency, then we get ageneral table of phonetic graphs and table of their frequency. Chapter five is "conclusion". We think that systematical methodology is useful in describing and analysing the formation system of Chinese characters. The methodology is adaptable in describing the formation system of modern Chinese characters as well as the historical character systems, adaptable in describing horizontally as well as comparing vertically. Only when we finish the systematical vertical compare on the base of systematical horizontal decription, could we know the true history of the system of Chinese characters, recover the rule of the system's development, and supply the theoretical supports for the scientifical arrangement of modern Chinese characters.

第一部分—绪论,在总结形声字研究历史状况的基础上,提出了研究形声系统的理论原则和分析方法,即汉字个体字符形义统一的思想,汉字字符集合构形系统的思想,汉字构形系统历史演变系统优化的思想等三项理论原则和结构功能分析法,形位分析法,义素分析法等三种分析方法,还扼要地介绍了具体的工作程序和论文的主要内容;第二部分—形声字概述,论述了形声字的来源、性质和鉴别标准,介绍了对《说文解字》正篆形声字说解中的传抄讹误,版本异文,说解错误校勘和考证的经过,详细分析了形声字构件的功能,具体讨论了声符的示源功能与示音功能,义符的示意功能与类化功能以及声符与义符组合中的相互区别功能;第三部分—小篆字系的义符系统,从义符系统的构成、义符间的相互关系,义符示意功能的分布及义符的构字频度等不同侧面,对义符系统进行了全面的描写,产生了义符总表、义符间意义关系总表和义符构字频度总表;第四部分—小篆字系形声字的声符系统,从声符系统的构成、声符间的相互关系,声符的示源功能与示音功能的关系以及声符的构字频度等不同侧面,对声符系统进行了全面描写,产生了声符总表和声符构字频度总表;第五部分—结束语,在全面测查小篆字系形声字的基础上,对研究汉字的方法和现代汉字发展方向的问题提出了一些看法,认为系统论的方法是描写和分析汉字构形系统行之有效的方法,系统论方法,不仅适用于历史上文字系统的描写,也适用于现代汉字构形系统的描写,不仅适用了断代描写,也适用于历史比较,只有在对汉字断代系统描写的基础上进行系统的历史比较,才能认清汉字系统历史演变的真相,揭示汉字系统发展的客观规律,为科学地整理现代汉字提供理论上的依据。

The objective of this study is to compare the effects of cooperative learning and self-instruction on the reading comprehension of hearing-impaired children. This study used the alternative treatment design of the single subject design.

本研究之目的在比较合作学习与自我教导对听觉障碍儿童阅读理解能力之成效,研究方法采用单一受试法比较介入之交替处理设计来进行研究。

And the results indicate that the principal stress directions in study area are mainly NE-SW, and the second substage tectonic twist made the direction deflect from North to East, but the primary direction changed little; tectonic activities during the O〓~S~D stage is some violent, most of the area are under high stresses status, and rock fracture degree is correspondingly higher, as coinciding with the drill cores observation, i.

通过数值分析,模拟了塔中Ⅰ号断裂带和塔中45井三维模拟区O〓灰岩的构造应力场和应变场,结果表明:研究区主应力方向为北东~南西向,第二期的构造扭动使其由北向东发生了一定的偏转,但总的方位变化不大;O〓~S~D时期,塔中地区构造运动较强,研究区大部分处于高应力状态,岩石破裂程度较高,而岩芯观察结果也证实了这一结果,即O〓灰岩地层中早期形成的构造结构面比较发育,单个结构面的规模也较大;C~P时期,岩石的破坏程度较早期有所提高,主要表现在两个方面,一是各局部区岩石的破坏程度普遍有所提高;二是各个级别破裂区的分布范围相应地扩大了;研究区应力分布表现出明显的不均匀性,特别是剪应力,无论是O〓~S~D时期,还是C~P时期,都有很大的差异性,特别是在小断层的端部,剪应力比较集中,而且在断层的两盘,剪应力方向和大小都变化极快。

Based on these previous work, in this research, in order to explore the the molecular mechanism of enhanced tumor cell immunogenicity treated by elemene and mytomycin C compositely, we used murine Hca-F ascitic hepatic carcinoma ( high lymphatic metastasis substrain of H22) as an experimental model to compare the immunoprotective effects on Hca-F cells as well as the mechanism of the effects caused by HSP70-peptide complex purified from untreated tumor cells, EC-TCV and BCG; We studied the mechanism of increased tumor cell membrane HSP expression treated with elemene by the techniques of RT-PCR and immunoelectron microscopy; In order to deeply elucidate the antitumor effects and the molecular mechanism of elemene in increasing tumor cell immunogenicity we analyzed and compared the effects of elemene and heat shock on the gene expressions of tumor cell using gene expression profile chip.

本论文在上述研究成果的基础上,选择小鼠肝癌H22的高淋巴道转移亚系Hca-F为模型,进一步比较了未处理肿瘤细胞来源、榄香烯复合瘤苗来源的和卡介苗来源的HSP70-肽复合物对Hca-F的免疫保护效应、效应机制,探讨榄香烯-丝裂霉素复合处理增强肿瘤细胞免疫原性的分子机制;以Hca-F和人肝癌细胞株HepG〓等为模型研究了榄香烯处理增强肿瘤细胞膜热休克蛋白表达的机制;以HepG〓为模型用表达谱基因芯片研究比较了榄香烯与热休克处理对肿瘤细胞基因表达的影响,从而进一步阐明榄香烯抗肿瘤作用及增强肿瘤细胞免疫原性的分子机制。

This kind of study is of great importance both in theory and in practice. The objective of this thesis is to analyze the immediate problems of the monetary policy in China which are found in its subject, utility goals, intermediate targets, means of implementation and conducting mode. This study is carried out by drawing lessons from western monetary policy theory and by making comparisons on a historical and international basis. In this thesis, the problems are analyzed by citing theories as well as listing examples so as to make the analysis logical. With the help of the analysis and by considering the actual situation of the economy in China, the author also gives some suggestions on how to scientifically formulating and effectively implementing the monetary policy in China after a careful anatomizing of China's monetary policy.

因此,本文的研究主题就是在全面借鉴国外货币政策理论的基础上,贯彻理论研究与实践分析、逻辑推理与历史演绎、横向比较与纵向比较、理论继承与观点创新相统一的研究原则和写作方法,重点结合改革开放20多年来中国货币政策的实践,系统、深入地分析我国货币政策在主体、最终目标、中介目标、操作工具和传导机制方面存在的突出问题,在此基础上,结合我国经济发展的现状和要求,对我国货币政策理论体系进行层次梳理和系统重构,并对提高我国货币政策制定的科学性和实施的有效性提出政策建议。

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The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应,而且减少跟风的可能性。

The new PS20 solar power tower collected sunlight through mirrors known as "heliostats" to produce steam that is converted into electricity by a turbine in Sanlucar la Mayor, Spain, Wednesday.

聚光:照片上是建在西班牙桑路卡拉马尤城的一座新型PS20塔式太阳能电站。被称为&日光反射装置&的镜子将太阳光反射到主塔,然后用聚集的热量产生蒸汽进而通过涡轮机转化为电力