毒素

The experiment identified weed control spectrum of toxin and sensitivity to main crops. The result showed that dayflower and goosefoot were most sensitive to toxin with injury response of level 4, followed by redroot pigweed and eragrostioid with injury response of level 3 and level 2, respectively. Among the main crops, corn and sorghum were susceptible to toxin while wheat, soybean and peanut were insensitive.

粗毒素杀草谱和对作物安全性测试结果为：鸭跖草和藜对毒素最敏感，伤害反应为4级；反枝苋和虎尾草伤害反应分别为3级和1级；玉米和高粱对粗毒素敏感，小麦、大豆和花生对粗毒素不敏感。

A predator model with refuge and toxicity is studied. By constructing a suitable Dulac function, it is shown that there is no limit cycle in the first quadrant, thus the globally stability of the equilibrium is proved. Further more, the paper analyzes the influence of refuge, toxicity and harvesting. It is amazing that ① if the death rate of predator is big or the harvesting effort is big, the existence of the predator is unrelated with refuge; if the death rate of predator and the harvesting effort are small, and the refuge is small enough, the population of both species is increased as the increase of refuge;② if d2=0, the increase of d1 has no influence on the prey population, while the population of predator is decreased.

研究一类有避难所、毒素作用和外界捕获影响的捕食系统，通过构造恰当的Dulac函数，证明系统在第一象限没有极限环，从而证明了平衡点的全局稳定性；分析了避难所、毒素、捕获作用对该系统最终种群数量的影响，发现：①当捕食者的死亡率大或其被捕获得多时，两种群的绝灭与避难所的存在无关；当捕食者的死亡率小、被捕获得多且避难所足够小时，随着食饵避难所的增加，捕食者种群数量也随之增加；②当毒素d2=0时，毒素d1的增加对食饵种群最终数量没有影响，而使捕食者种群数量下降。

Purification and analysis of AT-toxin Firstly, we detected the components of protein and nonprotein, the results showed that AT-toxin is a nonprotein. We have carried out the liquid chromatogram analysis of the toxin. The result indicates that there are many components in this toxin and there are four kinds of components which content is more than others. At last, we have the experiment of separating the cpmpositions with the silica gel and we get four components which are active.

AT-毒素的初步纯化与分析为确定AT-毒素的组分，首先对毒素的蛋白质和非蛋白质组分的毒性进行了测定，结果表明：AT-毒素活性组分为非蛋白质；对毒素进行硅胶G薄层层析，初步分离得到10种组分，其中四种组分具有活性：组分Ⅵ、Ⅶ、Ⅷ、Ⅸ，初步说明了该毒素含有多种组分；进一步对该毒素进行液相色谱分析，也发现该毒素含多种组分，其中四种组分峰高和峰面积较大，含量较高；其致毒活性可能是由这些组分协同作用的结果，它们之间可能存在正协同或负协同作用关系。

The principal purpose of this study is to set up the isolation methods for diphtheria toxin expressed by genes, to purify the toxin with complete biological activities, and to make researches on its toxicities. In the experiments, the target gene was inserted into the cloning vectors--pET22b, then the vectors were introduced into host cells -BL21(DE3). The expression of the toxin was induced by addition of IPTG. The expression products were purified by His-6 label affinity chromatography. Then the diphtheria toxin expressed was transferred to PVC membrane using semidry blotter to determine the amino acid sequence of N-terminal. The "nicked" diphtheria toxin linked by disulfide bond was gained by protease hydrolysis.

为建立重组基因表达白喉毒素的分离纯化方法，制备出具有生物活性的蛋白质毒素，构建了白喉毒素表达载体pET22b-DT，并转入大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中诱导表达，以融合表达的His-6作为标签通过亲和层析纯化；表达毒素经蛋白酶酶切后，形成了以二硫键连接的与天然结构相同的带"缺口"的白喉毒素，并测定白喉毒素对豚鼠的急性毒性和细胞毒性。

Specifically, we will (1) perform electrophysiological study on the interaction of CTXs with cardiomyocytes stripped of specific GAGs,(2) study the binding of CTXs from spitting cobra venom with corneal tissue and examine the possible involvement of GAGs in the disruption of regular superstructure of collagen fibril and (3) examine the role of polyproline peptide sequence of P-type CTXs in the lytic action of CTXs. The results of this study will not only help delineate the mechanism of cobra CTXs, a long standing problem in the toxicity of cobra venom, but also suggest a new approach to develop CTXs into a potential drug for cancer.

本计划将进行：心脏细胞在去除醣胺基前后的电生理研究及比较了解心脏毒素与眼角膜的结合情形，并探讨醣胺基在维持眼角膜透明度所扮演的角色探讨P形心脏毒素中所含脯胺酸对细胞溶离能力的影响我们预期本研究将可对心脏毒素的作用机制有深入的了解，并寄望在未来能利用所了解的新作用机制，将心脏毒素发展成能控制癌症的新药方。

In this dissertation, firstly, the conditions of isolation and purification of specific toxin fractions produced by Exserohilum turcicum has been studied, and a high-efficient method has been established;secondly, the toxins were analysed by UV-Vis spectrophotometry;then the effect of specific toxin on death rate of corn leaves protoplast was studied by FDA as a tinct reagent;finally, using ANS as a probe and SDS-PAGE to study the membrane protein of the corn leaves with Htl gene. In a word, the aim of the research is to search some existent evidences of the toxin binding site on protoplasmic membrane, and provide proofs for nosogenesis of specific toxin in terms of cytology and the molecular biology.

本研究对玉米大斑病菌1号小种毒素的特异性组分进行分离，建立了高效的特异性毒素分离纯化方法，并对其进行了紫外波谱分析；用荧光素双醋酸酯染色法，测定了毒素特异性组分对原生质体死亡率的影响；进而用1-苯胺基-8-萘磺酸荧光探针标记法和SDS-PAGE电泳法对特异性毒素组分与Htl基因玉米细胞互作过程中的质膜蛋白进行了研究，旨在证明Htl基因玉米细胞质膜上存在特异性毒素组分结合蛋白，为从细胞和分子生物学角度阐明毒素的致病机理提供证据。

The book comprehensively reviews the molecular and cellular biology of the most important microbial toxins with a focus on recent advances in the field, covering topics such as toxin ADP-ribosylation of proteins, toxin inhibition of protein synthesis, modulation of actin cytoskeleton, cytolethal distending toxins, cell-damaging/pore-forming toxins, clostridial neurotoxins, toxins of the immune system, streptococcal and staphylococcal toxins, anthrax toxins, Shiga toxin, Yersinia toxin, mycotoxins, and the regulation of toxin expression, as well as the potential of microbial toxins in bioterrorism.

该书全面评论了最重要的微生物毒素的分子与细胞生物学，重点是这一领域中的最新进展，主题包括蛋白质毒素ADP核糖基化，毒素抑制蛋白质合成，肌动蛋白细胞骨架的调控，细胞致死增加毒素，细胞损伤/孔状毒素，梭菌属的神经毒素，免疫系统的毒素，链球菌和葡萄球菌毒素，炭疽毒素，Shiga毒素，Yersinia毒素，毒枝菌素，和毒素表达调节，以及生物恐怖中微生物毒素的潜在可能性。

However, they have their respective shortcomings in mosquitocidal spectrum, persisting and resist-mosquito management. In this research, the mosquitocidal toxin genes cry4Ba and cry11Aa from Bacillus thuringiensis and btx gene from Bacillus sphaericus were co-expressed.cry4Aa,cry4Ba and cry11Aa genes were also co-expressed with btx gene seperatedly and in combination.The constructed recombinants had a high toxicity against susceptible and resistant mosquito.

本研究将苏云金杆菌以色列亚种的杀蚊毒素基因cry4Ba和cry11Aa与球形芽胞杆菌的二元毒素基因btx两种杀蚊菌的杀蚊毒素基因进行了重组，将Bti杀蚊毒素基因cry4Aa， cry4Ba， cry11Aa及Bs的杀蚊毒素基因btx单独或组合表达，所得工程菌株对敏感和抗性库蚊的毒力均有提高，不仅提高了杀蚊毒力，扩大了杀蚊谱，而且部分克服了蚊幼虫对Bs的抗性。

In this experiment, a new method was used to purify the toxin protein produced by Verticillium dahliae. The supernatant of fungus culture was frozen and dried with Lyophilizer first, and then dialysed by Dialysis Membranes (MWCO 1000) after dissolved in distilled water. This method can eliminate the salt and sucrose in culture medium and reserve the protein component almost completely. VD-toxin were analysed using sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel analysis. The results indicated that the protein components were very complex, and included glycoprotein within 35.8kDa-83.2kDa. Furthermore, treatments on glycoproteins with high temperature, conA and proteinase alleviated, not abolished, their activities.NO and H_2O_2 production were assayed in two cultivars of cotton cells which were treated with VD-toxin.

本实验首先确定了用冷冻浓缩后透析的方法初步提纯棉花黄萎病菌毒素，该方法能有效去除粗提毒素中的蔗糖和盐离子并能最大程度的保留黄萎病菌分泌的蛋白成分；对毒素蛋白成分鉴定结果表明蛋白条带多，每种蛋白的含量少，小分子量蛋白含量多，糖蛋白染色结果显示，毒素蛋白中分子量在35.8kDa-83.2kDa之间的蛋白大多数为糖蛋白，分子量小于35.8kDa的蛋白多为非糖蛋白；性质鉴定结果显示，毒素中有活性的蛋白成分具有部分可耐高温高压，且毒素蛋白中的蛋白成分和糖基成分都具有致萎活性。

For example,1889-1890 years, the people studies the diphtheria toxin and the tetanus infection toxins with the immunology technique, using it again later on to study the plant toxin, such as the castor toxin, the croton toxin and snake poison, spider poison within the animal toxins.

例如，1889～1890年，人们用免疫学技术研究白喉毒素和破伤风毒素，随后又用它来研究植物毒素，如蓖麻毒素、巴豆毒素和动物毒素中的蛇毒、蜘蛛毒。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。