殖民的

They spread throughout Africa over the following 50,000 years or so: around 100-80,000 years ago, three main lines of Homo sapiens diverged, bearers of mitochondrial haplogroup L1 / A colonizing Southern Africa (the ancestors of the Khoisan/Capoid peoples), bearers of haplogroup L2 / B settling Central and West Africa (the ancestors of Niger-Congo and Nilo-Saharan speaking peoples), while the bearers of haplogroup L3 remained in East Africa.

在随后的5万年里，他们遍布整个非洲。约100000-80000年前，三个主要的智人血统分开了，携带线粒体单倍群L1/A的在非洲南部殖民，携带线粒体单倍群L2/B的定居在中非和西非（讲尼日尔-刚果语和尼罗-撒哈拉语的人的祖先），携带线粒体单倍群L3的仍然留在东非。

The definitive editions (specifically At the Mountains of Madness and Other Novels , Dagon and Other Macabre Tales , The Dunwich Horror and Others , and The Horror in the Museum and Other Revisions ) of his prose fiction are published by Arkham House , a publisher originally started with the intent of publishing the work of Lovecraft, but which has since published a lot of other fantastic literature as well.

洛夫克莱夫特是一位多产的信件作家有多页用小字体草书写下的通信者名单，他有时记下他的日期为当时的两百年前使写作回到美国殖民时代在美国革命侵入他的英国爱好前，他解释此为他认为十八世纪和二十世纪是最好的，前者有贵族的体面后者则为科学的世纪，以他的观点来看十九世纪特别是维多利亚时代是个错误。

This can hardly be expected to be a peaceful process, and in fact it has been accompanied by major conflicts and social upheavals. The expansion of European capitalism in the nineteenth century involved the Opium Wars, genocide in the Belgian Congo, the Great Game in Central Asia, and many other forms of imperial conquest and rivalry. The seeming triumph of global capitalism at the end of the twentieth century followed two world wars, the cold war, and savage neocolonial conflicts.

很难想象这会是一个和平的过程，事实上它伴随着根本性的矛盾冲突和社会巨变：19世纪欧洲资本主义的扩张引发了鸦片战争，在比利时统治下的刚果实施了种族灭绝，在中亚展开大博弈，以及其他很多形式的帝国主义的政府和竞争。20世纪末全球资本主义看上去获得了胜利，其前有两次世界大战、冷战和野蛮的新殖民冲突。

In my conclusions, I shall insist that, in spite of the cultural fragmentation and linguistic divergence caused by migration and globalization, as well as certain postmodernist and neocolonialist deconstruction as a continuation of the archaic imperial logic of "divide and rule," the Hmong people as a global ethnic group have become more mindful of its historical connections with China and Indochina, from where various Hmong groups or subgroups of the world have long fostered and tenaciously maintained what Harvard anthropologist Michael Herzfeld calls "cultural intimacy."

在结论部分，我坚持认为，尽管在移民和全球化的影响下文化与语言分化存在着，也如同一些后现代主义者和新殖民主义者解构的那样以及那些作为"分而治之"的帝国主义逻辑，苗族人作为一个全球性的族群变得越来越在意他们与印度支那和中国的历史联系，遍布全球各地的苗族支系一直以来都是具有哈佛人类学家Herzfeld所形容的"文化亲密感"。

At the end of 19 century, Old China under the system of emperor autarchy, resulted in a weak and poor country and the national confidence had once been lost, because of a long time cultural autarchy of Manchu Nobiliary and invasion of colonial force. Then Chinese scholars turned to learn western culture and technology, and the linguistic theories delegated by The General Linguistics of Sausure were transplanted in China, which became the basic principles guiding Chinese teaching after the establishment of academic and educational system for about a hundred years.

19世纪末，君主专制体制下的旧中国因为长期的君主专制和满族贵族的文化专制，加上当时列强殖民势力的入侵，导致国家积贫积弱，民族自信心一度丧失，中国学者转而学习西方文化技术，其中以索绪尔《普通语言学》为代表的语言学理论被中国学者移植到中国，经过百年的学术和教育体制的固定，成为指导中文教学的基本原则。

The old world order of colonial oppression, exploitation of dominions, rival imperialism and mercenary balance of power diplomacy; of majesties, dictators, privileged minorities, plutocratic monopolists and similar social parasites; the corrupted order responsible for the present world cataclysm, endangering our national safety and peaceful process, shall never rise again.

旧的世界秩序的殖民压迫，剥削的领地，竞争对手帝国主义和雇佣军均势外交；的国王和王后陛下，独裁者，享有特权的少数人，富豪的垄断和类似社会的寄生虫；损坏为了负责当今世界大灾难，危害我国国家安全与和平进程，永远不得再次上升。

She saw the children of the settlement, on the grassy margin of the street, or at the domestic thresholds, disporting themselves in such grim fashion as the Puritanic nurture would permit; playing at going to church, perchance; or at scourging Quakers; or taking scalps in a sham-fight with the Indians; or scaring one another with freaks of imitative witchcraft.

珠儿看到过这块殖民地上的小孩子们，在路边的草地上或是在自家门前，做着请教徒童规所允许的种种怪里怪气的游戏：有时装作一起去教堂，或是拷问教友派的教徒，或是玩同印第安人打仗和剥头皮的把戏，或是模仿巫术的怪样互相吓唬。

The first part study Maugham' s standpoint from which he looked at the other. Through analyzing the relationship between Maugham and Maugham as the "hidden author", we concluded that: on the point of racialism and colonialism, these two were equal, Maugham is a racialist and colonialist when he looks at the other . China as the other in Maugham′s works was mainly reviewed in the next part.

第一部分研究毛姆凝视"他者"的目光，通过分析作为"隐含作者"的毛姆和真实的毛姆之间的关系，认为在种族主义和殖民主义的问题上，二者是可以等同的：毛姆是一个种族主义者、殖民主义者，这是毛姆审视"他者"时的目光。

British troops were sent to Boston in 1768 to help officials enforce the Townshend Acts, a series of laws passed by the British Parliament. The purpose of the Townshend program was to make colonial governors and judges independent of colonial control, to create a more effective means of enforcing compliance with trade regulations, and to establish the controversial precedent that Parliament had the right to tax the colonies.

在1768年时，数批英国军队被派遣至波士顿以强制执行汤森法案，汤森法案为由英国议会所通过的一系列法规，该法案的目的有：殖民地总督的确立、殖民统治的法官之独立、确保贸易法规之实行所订定的一些法条，以及为了确保英国议会收税的权利所订定的条例。

In the Epilogue, the author concludes that Tianjin is a city of migrants; and the migrants have played very important role to, religious people have played a unique role to, and foreigners have played indispensable role to, the development of Tianjin; In the history of Tianjin, in particular, since the opening of treaty port, its culture and education which was at the forefront in China, formed an important strong point for Tianjin becoming an economic center in north China and a nationally advanced area in China.

第九章考察了这一时期在天津出现的外侨人口，不但对其人口数量进行了推测，而且从疏通河道与吹填洼地、房屋建设、城市功能设施建设、工业投资和文化教育等五个方面分析了他们对天津的影响，说明了这部分人口的活动虽主要是谋取各自的利益，大多带有殖民侵略的性质，但客观上也为天津的建设做出了一些有益的贡献。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。