殖民的

The article holds that nationalism in the postcolonial Arab countries demands in state-building strong populism, radical deinstitutionalization, direct democracy and charismatic leadership, but finally is converted to authoritarian because of the unsustainability of these demands, which is both the logic result of self evolvement of nationalism and the inner request of social development of Arab countries.

文章认为，后殖民时代阿拉伯国家的民族主义在国家建构上主要表达了强烈的民粹主义、激进的"去制度化"行动、直接民主与"克里斯马"型统治的诉求倾向，以及因这些诉求难以长久为继而导向威权政治模式，这既是民族主义自身进化的逻辑结果，也是阿拉伯国家社会发展的内在要求。

Moreover it surveys the history of The Russia Company, The Merchant Adventure Company, The Eastland Company, The Levant Company, and The East India Company.

随后对此段时期商业公司的总体发展状况、商业公司的两种主要形式——规约公司和股份公司，及其垄断特征进行了阐述，然后重点叙述了俄罗斯公司、冒险商人公司、东地公司、利凡特公司、非洲公司等公司对欧洲、非洲及其周边市场的开拓，以及东印度公司对亚洲市场的开拓及其殖民据点的建立情况。

First, to incorporate a villification of the "West" as a historical enslaver of "Africa" into the argument is inappropriate. The colonial policies of the 19th century, undergirded by a racist and eugenicist Zeitgeist, have little to do with the reality of today.

首先，将"西方"作为恶意的"非洲"努役者不太合适。19世纪的殖民政策受到了当时的种族主义及优生主义的时代思潮的影响，因而与今天的现实少有关系。

As the result of the compromises made between the above two parties and later between ethnic French and Canadian federal government, Canadian legal and judiciary systems have the entwinement of Common Law System and Civil Law System, which mainly exhibited in private and civil procedure laws and corresponding judiciary systems.

英国殖民当局及后来的加拿大联邦政府基于各种原因与法裔族群妥协，从而使加拿大法律体系具有了以英美法系为主交织大陆法系的两大法系长期共存的特色。这种由民族因素而形成的特色主要体现在私法和民事诉讼法以及与之相适应的司法体制方面。

Instead of being a natural process of essential convergence or compulsory colonization, the basic point of such cultural globalization stresses the global scale of cultural performance and the global nature of cultural clashes.

它的基点既不是自然进行的同质化，也不是强制推行的殖民化，而是强调文化表现领域的全球性，不同文化碰撞的全球性。

This changed definitively with the second Aliyah early in the twentieth century, when the idea of the 'conquest of labor' meaning replacing Arab workers with Jewish ones took hold, and a new, exclusivist form of colonization began.

在20世纪早期的第二次阿利亚中这种变化被明确下来，而意味着用犹太劳动力取代阿拉伯人位置的劳动征服的观念就标志着一种新的，排外性质的殖民形式开始起作用了。

Under the pressure of Japanese colonial control and feudality, there existed large numbers of farmhands and "public land" in the countryside, which were the typical features of land occupancy in Northeast China.

在日本对东北的殖民统治和封建剥削制度的压迫下，农村存在大量的"公地"和庞大的雇农阶层，成为东北土地占有关系的典型特征。

The 19th century witnessed more than one Jihad for the purification of Islam from pagan influences, while later in the 19th century and in the first half of the 20th century, Muslims formed a significant element in the growing resistance to colonial powers.

十九世纪目睹了一个以上的圣战组织的净化伊斯兰教的异教徒的影响，而后来在19世纪和上半年，在20世纪，穆斯林形成的一个重要因素日益抵抗殖民统治的权力。

Land could not be sold without permission of the government but the leasing of it was encouraged. This policy was put into effect to guard the people against their own improvidence, as prior to annexation they had alienated much of their property and it was felt, in time would have sold it all.

推行这一政策的目的是防止土地主因目光短浅而浪费自己的土地资源，因为在英国殖民统治之前，斐济的土地主已经将他们的许多土地转让出去，长此以往，他们将可能让渡所有的土地。

Land could not be sold without permissionof the government but the leasing of it was encouraged. This policy was put into effect to guard the people against their own improvidence, as prior to annexation they had alienated much of their property and it was felt, in time would have sold it all.

推行这一政策的目的是防止土地主因目光短浅而浪费自己的土地资源，因为在英国殖民统治之前，斐济的土地主已经将他们的许多土地转让出去，长此以往，他们将可能让渡所有的土地。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。