殖民的

Egoism and exclusionism of the English nation-state drives the English protest all the other powers that bind and restrict and threaten it. The English regards the activities of their colonial expansion abroad as a right, by which they might settle in some other abroad places unoccupied by other countries like Spain and Portugal etc. Beating the Spanish not only raises the English national confidence, but also clears the biggest obstacle hindering the English to expand their power abroad, and prepares favorable conditions for the construction and development of the British Empire in the Dynasty of the Stuart.

民族国家的利己性和排他性，驱使英国人反对包括罗马教皇、西班牙人、葡萄牙人、汉萨人等在内的外国势力对英格兰民族国家的束缚、限制与威胁；英国人把海外殖民扩张视为实现英格兰民族平等发展的神圣权利，他们在反对外国人的斗争中逐渐增强了民族意识和民族精神；打败西班牙人不但提高了英格兰民族的自信心，而且扫除了他们通向海外殖民扩张道路上的最大障碍，为斯图亚特王朝时期英国海外殖民贸易帝国的建立和发展准备了有利条件。

As a complicated theory, post-colonialism criticizes the imperialistic colonial discourse in Europe and America by way of analyzing colonial literature.

后殖民理论作为一种复杂的批评理论，一般是指通过对殖民文学的剖析，对欧美的帝国主义殖民话语所进行的反思和批判。

Twenty years later, the Dorians and the Heraclids became masters of Peloponnese; so that much had to be done and many years had to elapse before Hellas could attain to a durable tranquillity undisturbed by removals, and could begin to send out colonies, as Athens did to Ionia and most of the islands, and the Peloponnesians to most of Italy and Sicily and some places in the rest of Hellas.

二十年之后，Dorian人和Heraclid人成为Peloponnese的霸主，所以在Hellas获得持久的安宁，不用再迁徙之前，经过了很场的时间，发生了很多事，此后开始殖民， Athens殖民Ionia和大多数的岛屿，类似的，Peloponnesian人殖民岛大半个Italy和Sicily和希腊世界其他的地方。

In the'conclusions', this dissertation emphasizes on the characteristics of the English abroad colonial expansion in the period of the formation of the nation-state. The further conclusions of the paper are as the following. The national spirit transfers to a strong force of promoting the English to go and expand abroad. Their aims are to deny the supreme popish authority, and to challenge the monopoly privilege of Spain and Portugal in the course of the abroad colonial expansion. They intend to break up the old system, of which the universalism of the'Christendom'is the foundation, and to strive for the English right of independence, liberty, and equality in the world.

在"结语"部分，本文着重分析了民族国家形成时期英国海外殖民扩张的若干特点，指出民族主义精神已经转变成一种推动英国人海外殖民扩张向前发展的强大力量，他们的目的就是要否认中世纪以来所谓至尊不二的教皇权威，挑战葡萄牙和西班牙两国在海外殖民扩张中独享的垄断地位，打破以"基督教大世界"普世主义原则为基础的旧世界体系，争取英格兰民族国家在国际舞台中应当享有的独立、自由和平等的政治地位。

Ireland was the one of the most objects and an " oldest colony " of early modern British colonial expansion. For British, Ireland was a internal conoy, and a big " laboratory " and a main labor exporter for overseas colony. The conquest and colony in Ireland exercised a great influence on British social development and the rising of British Empire.

但在对这种殖民扩张的维度和广度的认识与评估上，人们则过多的集中于英国在大西洋及其彼岸美洲大陆的海外殖民活动，而对其在近在咫尺的爱尔兰岛所进行殖民扩张未予以足够的重视，更未将这

The reinscription of dichotic colonial rhetorical power leads to a confined and hierachized space that marginalizes and excludes the colonized. Consequently, the discursive map under the mechanism of cartographic rhetoric becomes a means of acquiring, maneuvering, and reinforcing colonial power.

因此殖民版图修辞成为一种夺取、操纵和巩固殖民霸权的策略，在此殖民版图上，像鲍伦仅能说英语的爱尔兰女性诗人受到双重的身份认同的否定，既不受到英国的认同，亦不受爱尔兰父权文学传统的接纳，成为边缘人。

The eye of police" illustrates how the local police exercised the spatial deployment of its officials and police architecture making Taiwan as a "panoptic society" as Foucault argued, or as a "police state" as Goto Shimpei said. This also expresses the "gaze/ be gazed relation of power between the colonial government and the colonized society.

警察之眼」论述地方警察如何藉由其官吏与官署的空间部署策略与殖民知识的运用，将台湾建构成Foucault所谓的「全景敞视社会」或后藤新平所谓之「警察国」，此亦体现了殖民政府与被殖民社会之间「观看」与「被观看」的权力关系。

In the'conclusions', this dissertation emphasizes on the characteristics of the English abroad colonial expansion in the period of the formation of the nation-state. The further conclusions of the paper are as the following. The national spirit transfers to a strong force of promoting the English to go and expand abroad. Their aims are to deny the supreme popish authority, and to challenge the monopoly privilege of Spain and Portugal in the course of the abroad colonial expansion. They intend to break up the old system, of which the universalism of the'Christendom'is the foundation, and to strive for the English right of independence, liberty, and equality in the world.

在&结语&部分，本文着重分析了民族国家形成时期英国海外殖民扩张的若干特点，指出民族主义精神已经转变成一种推动英国人海外殖民扩张向前发展的强大力量，他们的目的就是要否认中世纪以来所谓至尊不二的教皇权威，挑战葡萄牙和西班牙两国在海外殖民扩张中独享的垄断地位，打破以&基督教大世界&普世主义原则为基础的旧世界体系，争取英格兰民族国家在国际舞台中应当享有的独立、自由和平等的政治地位。

When finishing the conquest of the western Xhosas, the Cape colonial state set about the creation of a colonial order on the basis of the white supremacy and turned African natives into free-wage labors.

在对科萨人的殖民征服告一段落后，开普殖民政府着手创建以白人霸权为基础的殖民秩序，将非洲原住居民改造为资本主义经济发展所需的劳动力大军。

In order to relieve these social pressures, Sir Thomas More brings up the first colonial imagination and then, Richard Hakluyt and Francis Bacon propose ideas about exploring westward and setting up oceanic empire.

托马斯·莫尔等有识之士为解决英国社会所面临的流浪、失业、贫困、社会动荡等问题，提出了向外移民、开辟殖民地的最初设想。16世纪中后期，英国人的海上力量逐渐增强，海外殖民活动进一步发展，包括理查德·哈克路伊特、弗朗西斯·培根在内的一大批殖民思想家提出了向西开拓贸易场所、建立帝国的殖民主张。

Neither the killing of Mr Zarqawi nor any breakthrough on the political front will stop the insurgency and the fratricidal murders in their tracks.

在对危险的南部地区访问时，他斥责什叶派民兵领导人对中央集权的挑衅行为。

In fact,I've got him on the satellite mobile right now.

实际上 我们已接通卫星可视电话了