殖民地的

The scenario put us in command of the fledgling colony of Boston, surrounded on all sides by the warring imperialistic nations of France (holding colonies that would later become Ontario and Quebec) and England (holding colonies like Albany, New York, and their capital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) and by the as-yet unprovoked Native American Iroquois and Algonquin nations (occupying colonies like Cayuga and Niagara).

这种情况使我们处于指挥的羽翼未丰的殖民地波士顿，包围各方交战帝国主义国家：法国（控股殖民地后来成为安大略省和魁北克省）和英格兰（控股殖民地一样奥尔巴尼，纽约，和他们的首都，美国宾夕法尼亚州费城）和尚未无端母语和冈昆美国易洛魁联合国（占领殖民地一样卡尤加和尼亚加拉）。

Colonists objected that the Townshend Acts were a violation of the natural, charter, and constitutional rights of British subjects in the colonies. Boston was a center of the resistance. The Massachusetts House of Representatives began a campaign against the Townshend Acts by sending a petition to King George asking for the repeal of the Townshend Revenue Act. The House then sent what became known as the Massachusetts Circular Letter to the other colonial assemblies, asking them to join the resistance movement.

这些殖民地居民反对汤森法案不尊重英国臣民在殖民地内本应有的自然、宪章(保障人们应有权利的声明)，以及宪法权利，而波士顿正位於整个对此不满的中心点，於是马萨诸塞州众议院开始进行了抵制汤森法案的活动，他们向英王乔治上递请愿书，希望能够废止汤森法案，之后他们又寄给其他殖民地议会一封在后来以Massachusetts Circular Letter(Circular Letter为行政机关所公布的函令)闻名的信，旨为希望其他的殖民地能与他们一起加入抵制汤森法案的行列。

In the metaphor in the allusion above, what capital has done in the colonies is analogized to the excitement a playboy has on his wedding night, and thus it conveys several meanings: not only to describe the nature of "evil" in completely different situations, but to point out a serious philosophy that "the truth is behind the appearance through literary, figurative and ironic language.

&（1，P838）这个文学典故的隐喻，把资本在殖民地的所作所为同花花公子新婚之夜的兴奋刺激类比，表达了多层含义。不仅描述了在完全不同情境中的&恶&的本质，而且在文学性的形象化的讽刺语言中，表达了严肃的&真相在假象之后的哲理。

As the costs of water purification equipment were prohibitive for most colony worlds, the lack of potable water tended to discourage new exploration. In 2177, however, entrepreneur Rudolph Ryan patented a process for transforming interplanetary tankers into FTL-driven "iceships" able to quickly transport huge icebergs across interstellar space.

由于水源净化系统的昂贵超出了多数殖民地的承受能力，饮用水的缺乏严重打击了探索新世界的积极性。2177年，企业家Rudolph Ryan获得了把星际太空油轮改装为FTL动力的&冰船&的专利，&冰船&被用于高速地在星际间运输巨大的冰块。

Thus, convergence, not divergence, seems to have characterized the cultural development of the American Colonies in the eighteenth century. Thus, without the cultural diversity represented by the American South, the culture of colonial America would certainly have been homogeneous in nature. Thus, the contribution of southern colonials to American culture was certainly overshadowed by that of the Puritans. Thus, the culture of America during the Colonial period was far more sensitive to outside influences than historians are accustomed to acknowledge.

文中末句&…American colonies…seem to have been rap- idly assimilating to the dominant…&(在美洲殖民……他们很快地融入了主流文化……)，即与A项&因此，趋于一致而非偏离，似乎是18世纪美国殖民地文化发展的特征&一致。B项&因此，没有美国南部的文化多元化，美国殖民地文化很可能在本质上类似&、C项&因此，南部殖民地居民对于美国文化的贡献很可能被清教徒所掩盖&和D项&因此，殖民地时期美国文化对外界影响的敏感度要比历史学家所承认的强的多&均与原文不符。

The sport of swashbucklers had its inception around 1190 B. C. in ancient Egypt, where the earliest carvings of a fencing match are drawn. Fencing didn't make its way into the United States until the mid-1700s when a fencing teacher opened his own storefront in what were then the American colonies.

击剑这项江湖豪侠的运动源于公元前1190年的古代埃及，因为在埃及发现了最早的关于击剑比赛的雕刻，到18世纪中叶这项运动才传人美国，在当时还是殖民地的美国有一位击剑师开了一家自己的店面。

Do by these Presents, solemnly and mutually in the Presence of God and one another, covenant and combine ourselves together into a civil Body Politick, for our better Ordering and Preservation, and Furtherance of the Ends aforesaid; And by Virtue hereof do enact, constitute, and frame, such just and equal Laws, Ordinances, Acts, Constitutions, and Offices, from time to time, as shall be thought most meet and convenient for the general Good of the Colony; unto which we promise all due Submission and Obedience.

在上帝及世人的面前，作为在场者，我们彼此庄严地订下契约，并将我们联合起来作为一个公民的政治团体。为我们更好的社会治安和维持秩序，推动上述目标的实现，因此凭着美德制定法律、设立机构。建立恒久的以正义和平等的法律、条例、法案、宪法及政府机关的体系框架。这被认为是符合公众和殖民地的权益的。我们承诺给予应得利益的应当服从和遵守我们签署的这份证言。

We hold these truths to be selfevident, that all men are created equal and independent; that from that equal creation they derive in rights inherent and inalienables, among which are the preservation of life, and liberty and the pursuit of happiness; that to secure these ends, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed; that whenever any form of government shall become destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing it's powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness.

第四，1776年，潘恩的《常识》在北美发表。在这本不到50页的小册子中，潘恩以简练而生动的语言准确地回答了北美殖民地人民所关心的问题，并从一个全新的角度指出了北美殖民地独立的必要性。潘恩呼吁，殖民地人民必须与英国一刀两断，建立自己的共和国。

British interests were maintained by a system of selfgoverning in the colonies socalled 'White Settlements An autocratic government and a political strategy of direct rule prevailed in the Crown Colonies.

英属殖民地内的行政管理体制大体可分为两类：在白人移民垦殖殖民地中，英国主要是通过建立自治政府来稳固其统治；在皇家殖民地内，英国则是依赖于专制政府，并以直接统治与间接统治为手段，来维护它在这些地区的殖民权益。

There was no system of selfgovernment in the French colonies because of the French belief in despotic rule and political, cultural and economic assimilation.

在法属殖民地中，由于不存在建立自治政府的殖民地，所以其行政管理体制大都以专制政府为特征。通过这样的统治体制，法国在殖民地内大力推行&同化&政策，企图从政治、经济和文化领域对殖民地实行更全面的控制

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。