殖民地

As a concept with a very strong academical potential,evolution provides social frame for explaining and analyzing country society.

一1963年，美国人类学家盖尔茨在研究印尼爪哇殖民地和后殖民地时代的水稻农业时，较早使用了"内卷化"这一概念。

Problems with mites : Sometimes a mealworm colony gets infested by grain mites ( Acarus sp .) The mites may come from the mealworm supplier, in bran, or litter from poultry production, and may infest a colony that has been around for a long period of time.

问题螨 ：有时，一个mealworm殖民地获得布满粮食螨螨可能来自mealworm供应商，在麦麸，或乱抛垃圾，从家禽生产，并有可能滋生一个殖民地，我们一直在相当长的时期时间。

The scenario put us in command of the fledgling colony of Boston, surrounded on all sides by the warring imperialistic nations of France (holding colonies that would later become Ontario and Quebec) and England (holding colonies like Albany, New York, and their capital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) and by the as-yet unprovoked Native American Iroquois and Algonquin nations (occupying colonies like Cayuga and Niagara).

这种情况使我们处于指挥的羽翼未丰的殖民地波士顿，包围各方交战帝国主义国家：法国（控股殖民地后来成为安大略省和魁北克省）和英格兰（控股殖民地一样奥尔巴尼，纽约，和他们的首都，美国宾夕法尼亚州费城）和尚未无端母语和冈昆美国易洛魁联合国（占领殖民地一样卡尤加和尼亚加拉）。

Colonists objected that the Townshend Acts were a violation of the natural, charter, and constitutional rights of British subjects in the colonies. Boston was a center of the resistance. The Massachusetts House of Representatives began a campaign against the Townshend Acts by sending a petition to King George asking for the repeal of the Townshend Revenue Act. The House then sent what became known as the Massachusetts Circular Letter to the other colonial assemblies, asking them to join the resistance movement.

这些殖民地居民反对汤森法案不尊重英国臣民在殖民地内本应有的自然、宪章(保障人们应有权利的声明)，以及宪法权利，而波士顿正位於整个对此不满的中心点，於是马萨诸塞州众议院开始进行了抵制汤森法案的活动，他们向英王乔治上递请愿书，希望能够废止汤森法案，之后他们又寄给其他殖民地议会一封在后来以Massachusetts Circular Letter(Circular Letter为行政机关所公布的函令)闻名的信，旨为希望其他的殖民地能与他们一起加入抵制汤森法案的行列。

The main measure America took to weaken the UK is to instigate the colonies of the UK to get independent under the altisonant flags of Democratic Movement and National liberation Movement.While America had few colonies at that point.

美国把英国削弱的主要手段就是策动英国的殖民地独立，采取的手段是冠冕堂皇的民族运动和民族解放，美国推动殖民地的独立的背景还在于美国没有什么殖民地。

Thus, convergence, not divergence, seems to have characterized the cultural development of the American Colonies in the eighteenth century. Thus, without the cultural diversity represented by the American South, the culture of colonial America would certainly have been homogeneous in nature. Thus, the contribution of southern colonials to American culture was certainly overshadowed by that of the Puritans. Thus, the culture of America during the Colonial period was far more sensitive to outside influences than historians are accustomed to acknowledge.

文中末句&…American colonies…seem to have been rap- idly assimilating to the dominant…&(在美洲殖民……他们很快地融入了主流文化……)，即与A项&因此，趋于一致而非偏离，似乎是18世纪美国殖民地文化发展的特征&一致。B项&因此，没有美国南部的文化多元化，美国殖民地文化很可能在本质上类似&、C项&因此，南部殖民地居民对于美国文化的贡献很可能被清教徒所掩盖&和D项&因此，殖民地时期美国文化对外界影响的敏感度要比历史学家所承认的强的多&均与原文不符。

In economy, the Old Empire rigidly controlled overseas trade of the colonies, and passed the Navigation Act. This system had been reasonable, but it could not be accommodated to the problem after the Seven Years War. The contradiction between America and Great Britain led to the collapse of the Old Empire.

旧帝国的特征体现在经济方面则是英国对殖民地的对外贸易进行严格限制，英国通过《航海条例》控制了殖民地的生产和贸易，这个体制曾经具有其时代合理性，但是&七年战争&之后，英帝国的形势发生了很大的变化，重商主义殖民政策已经无法解决帝国所面临的难题，英国同美洲殖民地的矛盾越来越大，最终导致了旧帝国的崩溃。

We hold these truths to be selfevident, that all men are created equal and independent; that from that equal creation they derive in rights inherent and inalienables, among which are the preservation of life, and liberty and the pursuit of happiness; that to secure these ends, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed; that whenever any form of government shall become destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing it's powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness.

第四，1776年，潘恩的《常识》在北美发表。在这本不到50页的小册子中，潘恩以简练而生动的语言准确地回答了北美殖民地人民所关心的问题，并从一个全新的角度指出了北美殖民地独立的必要性。潘恩呼吁，殖民地人民必须与英国一刀两断，建立自己的共和国。

British interests were maintained by a system of selfgoverning in the colonies socalled 'White Settlements An autocratic government and a political strategy of direct rule prevailed in the Crown Colonies.

英属殖民地内的行政管理体制大体可分为两类：在白人移民垦殖殖民地中，英国主要是通过建立自治政府来稳固其统治；在皇家殖民地内，英国则是依赖于专制政府，并以直接统治与间接统治为手段，来维护它在这些地区的殖民权益。

There was no system of selfgovernment in the French colonies because of the French belief in despotic rule and political, cultural and economic assimilation.

在法属殖民地中，由于不存在建立自治政府的殖民地，所以其行政管理体制大都以专制政府为特征。通过这样的统治体制，法国在殖民地内大力推行&同化&政策，企图从政治、经济和文化领域对殖民地实行更全面的控制

Neither the killing of Mr Zarqawi nor any breakthrough on the political front will stop the insurgency and the fratricidal murders in their tracks.

在对危险的南部地区访问时，他斥责什叶派民兵领导人对中央集权的挑衅行为。

In fact,I've got him on the satellite mobile right now.

实际上 我们已接通卫星可视电话了