殖民

Jabbing the air with a walking stick and flanked by aides and bodyguards, Bashir called the court's decision a conspiracy designed to recolonize his country.

在两旁的副官和警卫人员的搀扶下，苏丹总统向空中挥舞着他的拐杖， bashir说法庭的判决是要再次殖民化苏丹的阴谋。

Here, when you ask for a coffee, they will give you Espresso (Kopi O' in Malaysia) The right term here is ' Coffee with Milk'.

马来西亚，英国，西班牙，无不被这小小一杯咖啡'殖民'。

West, settling Greenland in 986. Sometime after the year 1000, Erik's son Leif

在公元986年他们在格陵兰开始了殖民。

Due to differences within the "liminal space," they speak with not one but multiple voices.

由于&阈限空间&内部存在的差异，他们的声音表现出多样性特征，而作为一个整体，这些声音则构成了一种强有力的后殖民抵抗话语。

The parcel is hidden at three sides by the Collegium Maius and by the building of Regional Government Office.

玛伊乌斯大讲堂：即皇室普鲁士殖民委员会，早先的&Hakata&建筑）这块基地被玛伊乌斯大讲堂和地区政府办公楼三面围合。

With the coming of British rule and the end of slavery in Sudan in the late 19th century, the Nuba came down into the surrounding fertile clay plains, expanding their farms to feed growing populations.

随着英国殖民统治的到来和19世纪晚期苏丹奴隶制度的结束，努巴人下山来到了周围肥沃的粘土平原，并且扩大了他们的农场以养活不断增加的人口。

Taiwan connected to the world as a vast network, via which we, a subject, can exchanged and distributed the experience. This made the on-going technologization different from how modernity discussed about tradition, modernization, occidentalization, and localization as well as from the suspicion of globalization and post-colonization. Instead, the on-going technologization emphasized the process fo exchanging present subjective experience.

台湾与世界缔结成有如汪汪海洋的世界网路，由我们这个主体跃入海洋网路将经验交流转递，使得这一波科技化进程有别於过去现代性对「传统」、「现代」、「西化」与「本土化」的讨论，也有别於世纪末「全球化」和「后殖民」的疑虑，而强调当下主体经验的交换过程。

By the comparison of these atlases, which had a panoptic enterprise revealed in other topographical maps as well, we could spatially represent and reinterpret the early twentieth-century transformation, especially the deployed modern institutions and facilities under the Japanese colonial rule.

透过比较这两套中比例尺的地图看来无所不包、全景敞视企图的图式，可以看出二十世纪初期，台湾社会的发展轨迹，特别是一些「现代」机构设施的部署，使吾人可以空间地再理解日本的殖民统治。

This paper therefore examines the development of "the folklore Pai-Chang of Peking opera aria in Tainan city" through literature review depth-interview oral history and participant observation The concept frame is culture organism as the vertical axle and elements of a folklore activity as the transverse axle There are several significant findings about the general picture of this subject: During the late period of Japanese colonial era Tainan local people who played Peguan music learned Peking opera aria and tried to bring Peking opera aria into the folklore Pai-Chang which was one kind performance and traditional custom of Peguan music Some people who came from other places and played Peking opera aria had also known or learned "Pai-Chang" with touching Tainan local amateurs "Pai-Chang" used to be performed by amateurs for worship of god or goddess or for seasoning and wedding celebration without rewards Amateurs volunteered to perform "Pai-Chang" only for their duty temples and fraternity of Peking opera aria The majority of the audience is people who perform or like "Pai-Chang" or who live nearby There is a fixed pattern of the performance including the repertoire and the arrangement of the band The main meaning of this performace is to pray God's blessings therefore the procedure of "Ban-Hsian" is the most essential and ahead of Peking opera aria singing With time goes by the number of the amateurs has dropped; yet the demand for the worship ceremony remains; hence some of the amateurs have been trained to become professional performers Besides although the idea and the meaning of "Pai-Chang" remains the pattern of the performance has become simplified and rigid which is because of the performers' number decreasing and market adapting Nowadays the whole ecosystem of the folklore Pai-Chang of Peking opera aria in Tainan city keep changing which is mainly influenced by the transition of the society(such as the time and space of the industrial and commercial society being compressed and most people's pursuing of specialization and utilitarianism etc ) According to the findings in this paper the phenomenon can be regarded as the subject matter both of Peking opera and folklore studies For the studies of the Taiwanese culture however the subject not only enriches the subject matters of the Taiwanese culture(signifies the localization of Peking opera and a new pattern of Taiwanese folklore) but also reflects the characters of diversification integration adaptation and compromise of Taiwanese culture which used to be influenced by different regimes and the historical contexts Facing such a multicultural context this paper thus suggests researchers should show an open-minded attitude toward the complex of the Taiwanese culture studies and then important phenomenon would not be ignored or misunderstood

代表了什麼意义？对於上述疑惑，查既有研究成果，不消没有论述者，具体提即「京调排场」现象的可说没有，基於此，有必要对台南市及其周边之民俗性京调排场，不管是语汇来由或者其现象本身，做一番研究。本研究透过文献、访谈、口述史、参与观察等方法，以文化有机体之纵的发展概念为经，以民俗表演之横切面各主客要素为纬，试图先对此文化现象调查并推论出一概貌：台南市民俗性京调排场的形成，是在京调传入台南，台南本地北管子弟改习或兼习京调后，结合北管音乐文化所固有的排场表演型态及民俗演出传统，融合而成，形成时间至迟在日治晚期。而一些不同时期的外来京调人士(如原本生长於其他地区、后移住台湾的票友，和中国大陆琴师等等)，也曾透过与当地子弟的接触，而习得或知晓「排场」语汇以及本地京调排场习俗者。此项音乐民俗表演在过往多由业余子弟於神诞或民众婚俗做寿时，对其有义务或交陪的庙宇及子弟间做酬酢性的演出，不收报酬；聆赏者多是京调同好与邻近民众，也有少数路过者；演出模式包括节目安排、乐队编制皆有一定；表演意涵上以「扮仙」祈求神明赐福人间最为重要，因此排仙必不可少，且一定先於京调演唱。随著时间推移，京调排场表演活动的各要素都有变动，惟变迁速度不一，大体而言，业余表演者锐减，人们对酬神娱神节目的需求仍在，因此一些过往的业余表演者遂逐渐转型为职业表演者。此外，虽然表演意涵不变，但在职业表演人员少、又要适应市场的情况下，表演模式亦逐渐流於简化、僵化。目前京调排场整体生态仍在转变的过程中，而这种变化应与工商社会时间空间的被压缩、事事追求专业化与尼Q化等因素有关。再者，据此概貌，在结论部分厘清其意义、定位以及其对台湾文化研究之启示。台南市及其周边之民俗性京调排场现象，可视为京剧研究与民俗研究的一环，然而对於台湾文化研究，除了其题材本身标志了京剧的本土化与台湾民俗活动之新类型，进一步扩充整体台湾文化研究的内容外，更重要的是现象背后所反映的台湾文化的多元融合与妥协适应取向。台湾的海岛地理位置与长期被不同文化背景政权所殖民的历史，其文化自然容易随社会环境改变而弹性适应变迁，呈现多元纷呈、多重覆叠的特色，因此展望未来，从事台湾文化研究应秉除单一观点，保持一定程度之开放与客观胸襟，方不忽视或误识更多重要的文化现象。

There he worked for the feudalism exploitation in the private banks and pawnshops, vending salt, shipping goods along canals and also for the plunderous invasion by smuggling opium and trading unlawfully.

随后在殖民政府和海关工作的十年间，积累了大量的国际法律知识、国际经济知识等，并熟悉大量海关法例、国际海关规章制度，同时开始了资本的原始积累。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。