殖民

Commodus wished to rename the city of Rome the colonia Commodiana, which illustrates two characteristics of these new sorts of colonies. In the first place, the status of colony was considered honorific. In the third century, after all the inhabitants of the empire had become citizens, the colonial status was much sought after in the east, for reasons that must have involved prestige rather than practical benefit. Second, the change in status entailed no introduction of Roman settlers. The population remained unchanged.

康茂德皇帝曾想将罗马本城改名为科洛尼阿·康茂迪亚纳(Colonia Commodiana，即为康茂德所建的殖民城)，这表明种改称的新型殖民城有两个特点：其一，殖民城的地位被视作是荣耀的，到3世纪所有帝国居民都被授予罗马公民权之后，在东方城市间仍努力寻求这种殖民城的地位，其原因更多是为了这一名号的威望，而不是实际的利益；其二，这种城镇地位上的变化不必引入任何罗马拓殖者，该地人口仍维持原样。

In this conception, the postcolonial refers to the time after the end of formal colonialism on the one hand, and the need for a second decolonization of the imperialist residues in the British society on the other.

在此脉络之下，本论文所谓的"后殖民"指涉的不只是殖民统治结束之后的时空，同时亦指涉了继续反抗殖民和第二次去殖民的必要性。

Egoism and exclusionism of the English nation-state drives the English protest all the other powers that bind and restrict and threaten it. The English regards the activities of their colonial expansion abroad as a right, by which they might settle in some other abroad places unoccupied by other countries like Spain and Portugal etc. Beating the Spanish not only raises the English national confidence, but also clears the biggest obstacle hindering the English to expand their power abroad, and prepares favorable conditions for the construction and development of the British Empire in the Dynasty of the Stuart.

民族国家的利己性和排他性，驱使英国人反对包括罗马教皇、西班牙人、葡萄牙人、汉萨人等在内的外国势力对英格兰民族国家的束缚、限制与威胁；英国人把海外殖民扩张视为实现英格兰民族平等发展的神圣权利，他们在反对外国人的斗争中逐渐增强了民族意识和民族精神；打败西班牙人不但提高了英格兰民族的自信心，而且扫除了他们通向海外殖民扩张道路上的最大障碍，为斯图亚特王朝时期英国海外殖民贸易帝国的建立和发展准备了有利条件。

As a complicated theory, post-colonialism criticizes the imperialistic colonial discourse in Europe and America by way of analyzing colonial literature.

后殖民理论作为一种复杂的批评理论，一般是指通过对殖民文学的剖析，对欧美的帝国主义殖民话语所进行的反思和批判。

Twenty years later, the Dorians and the Heraclids became masters of Peloponnese; so that much had to be done and many years had to elapse before Hellas could attain to a durable tranquillity undisturbed by removals, and could begin to send out colonies, as Athens did to Ionia and most of the islands, and the Peloponnesians to most of Italy and Sicily and some places in the rest of Hellas.

二十年之后，Dorian人和Heraclid人成为Peloponnese的霸主，所以在Hellas获得持久的安宁，不用再迁徙之前，经过了很场的时间，发生了很多事，此后开始殖民， Athens殖民Ionia和大多数的岛屿，类似的，Peloponnesian人殖民岛大半个Italy和Sicily和希腊世界其他的地方。

In the'conclusions', this dissertation emphasizes on the characteristics of the English abroad colonial expansion in the period of the formation of the nation-state. The further conclusions of the paper are as the following. The national spirit transfers to a strong force of promoting the English to go and expand abroad. Their aims are to deny the supreme popish authority, and to challenge the monopoly privilege of Spain and Portugal in the course of the abroad colonial expansion. They intend to break up the old system, of which the universalism of the'Christendom'is the foundation, and to strive for the English right of independence, liberty, and equality in the world.

在"结语"部分，本文着重分析了民族国家形成时期英国海外殖民扩张的若干特点，指出民族主义精神已经转变成一种推动英国人海外殖民扩张向前发展的强大力量，他们的目的就是要否认中世纪以来所谓至尊不二的教皇权威，挑战葡萄牙和西班牙两国在海外殖民扩张中独享的垄断地位，打破以"基督教大世界"普世主义原则为基础的旧世界体系，争取英格兰民族国家在国际舞台中应当享有的独立、自由和平等的政治地位。

This colonial legal system of Japan has more cruelty, dulocracy and predacity than those of the other colonial countries, projecting itself in the colonial history of the world.

日本在台的殖民法制表现出比其他殖民国家更为严重的残酷性、奴役性和掠夺性，在世界殖民史上是十分突出的。

Ireland was the one of the most objects and an " oldest colony " of early modern British colonial expansion. For British, Ireland was a internal conoy, and a big " laboratory " and a main labor exporter for overseas colony. The conquest and colony in Ireland exercised a great influence on British social development and the rising of British Empire.

但在对这种殖民扩张的维度和广度的认识与评估上，人们则过多的集中于英国在大西洋及其彼岸美洲大陆的海外殖民活动，而对其在近在咫尺的爱尔兰岛所进行殖民扩张未予以足够的重视，更未将这

The reinscription of dichotic colonial rhetorical power leads to a confined and hierachized space that marginalizes and excludes the colonized. Consequently, the discursive map under the mechanism of cartographic rhetoric becomes a means of acquiring, maneuvering, and reinforcing colonial power.

因此殖民版图修辞成为一种夺取、操纵和巩固殖民霸权的策略，在此殖民版图上，像鲍伦仅能说英语的爱尔兰女性诗人受到双重的身份认同的否定，既不受到英国的认同，亦不受爱尔兰父权文学传统的接纳，成为边缘人。

Is a kind of break and continuity whether from time or meaning. Then, through comparing theclosing conception------postmodernism, anti-colonialism and neocolonialism, we canconclude the characters of postcolonial theory: oppositional, ideological, flexible and dual.

接着，主要是通过与后殖民有紧密联系的三个概念——后现代、反殖民和新殖民的比较得出，后殖民理论具有对抗性、意识形态性、变通性以及两面性等特点。

Neither the killing of Mr Zarqawi nor any breakthrough on the political front will stop the insurgency and the fratricidal murders in their tracks.

在对危险的南部地区访问时，他斥责什叶派民兵领导人对中央集权的挑衅行为。

In fact,I've got him on the satellite mobile right now.

实际上 我们已接通卫星可视电话了