残值

If the Landweber method and pre-iteration method were convergent, the residue sequence would be monotone decreasing. By analyzing the convergence, the fact is demonstrated that for the severe ill-conditioned matrix of sensitivity coefficient, because of the limitation of the precision of the computer, the residue sequence is not monotone decreasing; thereby the reconstruction images diverge from the true distribution of the conductivity. So the generalized inverse method with threshold is established and the selection way of the regularization parameter is presented, by which the better images are reconstructed.

Landweber法和预迭代法收敛，则其残差序列单调递减，通过对它们的收敛性进行分析，证实对于病态性严重的灵敏度系数矩阵，由于受计算精度的限制，迭代过程中的残差序列不再单调递减，从而导致重建图象偏离实际电导率分布，因此作者建立了带阈值的广义逆算法，提出了规则化参数选择方法，获得了较好的图象重建质量。

In order to capture the volatility-clustering phenomenon of financial asset return, we use AR(1)-GARCH(1,1) model to describe the volatility of financial asset return. Then assume different residual distribution and use the GPD method of extreme value theory to residual term to estimate one-day VaR of financial asset loss.

而为了捕捉金融资产报酬所呈现出的波动丛聚现象，因此我们以AR（1）-GARCH（1，1）模型捕捉波动起伏，并考虑不同之标准化残差项分配和对标准化残差项利用极值理论GPD法去估算金融资产损失率之一日风险值。

It is indicated by the results that using butanol,butanol residue and octene aldehyde residue as the extracting agent,the treatment of butanol wastewater will get a good result with the COD removed to be 83%～94%,u...

实验结果表明：以辛醇、辛醇残液和辛烯醛残液作为萃取剂，在废水pH值为1~3、萃取剂与废水的体积比为1∶(1~12)、温度为25~60℃条件下，对丁辛醇废水进行萃取处理，均可得到较好的处理效果，COD去除率可达83%~94%。

Based on analyzing the characteristics of residue,the Letts criterion method was used to an identify an outlier.

在分析残差信号特征的基础上，利用残差变化率的变化规律，使用莱特准则对野值进行判断。

By contrast, there are less research on residual analysis and regression parametric estimation, therefore few methods are on hand.

在本文中，总结了几种利用区间删失数据的估计值作残差分析的方法，有中点法、GEL法、建议残差法。

The first approach was a qualitative test method, and gave statistical correlation trend. Second and third approaches were quantitative test methods, and indicated the goodness of fitting and the ranges of the residual estimation errors.

拟合相关图法属定性检验，给出了统计相关趋势；回归分析法和残差估计误差指示法为定量检验，给出了模拟计算值与实测值间的拟合优度和残差估计误差的范围。

In chapterⅡ, considering GLMMs data which the number of high units is different and the number of low units is small and unbalanced, we Conduct a series of simulations, the simulations show that regardless of the number of the level 2 units,the Bayesian estimate of random effects residual variance is more precise than PQL and the PQL estimation deviates from the true value seriously; In terms of the fixed effects estimates, When the number of level 2 units is 20, The mean and median of the Bayesian estimate is more precise than PQL,But With the number of level 2 units increase,the estimate of two methods is similar. Thus, in practical applications, we recommend the use of Bayesian method.

第二章针对不同高水平单位数，低水平数较小且不平衡的GLMMs数据，进行模拟研究，研究表明：无论水平2单位数的大小，贝叶斯方法随机效应残差方差估计值远比PQL法更接近真实值，PQL法严重偏离了真实值；而对固定效应参数估计值，当水平2单位数为20时，贝叶斯法各参数的均数和中位数均要较PQL法更接近真实值，而随着水平2单位数的增加，两种方法在估计固定效应参数时相差并不大，因而，在实际应用中，推荐采用贝叶斯法。

The proposed coupler featuring utilizly laddered stubs and stepped impedance on a single circuit board case achieves compact size. The requirement since both are distributed elements system which utilizes reduced length for the replacement of traditional microstrip line which acted as equivalent capacitances and inductances.

上述之宽频支干耦合器，是设计在单层板的结构，且不论是步阶式阻抗或是梯状开路残段的设计方式，均有缩小化的效果；因为步阶式阻抗与梯状开路残段都是散步式元件，所以可用较短的长度取代传统微带线之等效电感或电容值。

Residual monomer of the four groups is far lowest than ISO standardization. Groups of traditional mixing are lower than the malaxation ones. Group of traditional mixing+ hot water polymerization is lower than group of malaxation + electrical heat-polymerization .

4，残余单体含量四组均远远低于标准中所要求的值2.2%，常规混合组残单含量小于捏炼混合组，两者有显著性差异（ P＜0.05），常规混合组+水浴固化组的残单含量低于捏炼混合组+电加热固化组（1：4 P＜0.05）。

Frigon was chosen as the experimental, According the quality of the heavy oil materials which have high oil content and low sericin content, technical conditions were initially set at the level of low pH value 、low temperature and enforced presoaking process. And then, these surfactants and builders were chosen to test in the presoaking and refining process, getting some kinds of surfactants with lowest oil content on refined waste silk. Following that, they were tested for best oil-removing effect in mixture.

实验中，选择了滞头原料为试验原料，根据绢纺愿料冶胶量低，含油量高的特点，初步确定了低pH值、低温和加强预浸的工艺方案，然后对所选的各类表面活性剂和助剂进行了预浸、精练工艺试验，从中选出较好的几个品种进行不同类型的复配试验，在复配的基础上试验工艺条件—温度、时间、碱用量对残油率、残胶率的影响确定小样最佳工艺。

However, as the name（read－only memory）implies, CD disks cannot be written onorchanged in any way.

然而，正如其名字所指出的那样，CD盘不能写，也不能用任何方式改变其内容。

Galvanizes steel pallet is mainly export which suits standard packing of European Union, the North America. galvanizes steel pallet is suitable to heavy rack. Pallet surface can design plate type, corrugated and the gap form, satisfies the different requirements.

镀锌钢托盘多用于出口，替代木托盘，免薰蒸，符合欧盟、北美各国对出口货物包装材料的法令要求；喷涂钢托盘适用于重载上货架之用，托盘表面根据需要制作成平板状、波纹状及间隔形式，满足不同的使用要求。