正义

That they make their-theories to be absolute has resulted in their theories being relative, because the human being itself is the unity of three patterns of the category, groups and individuals, justice is too the unity of three patterns of expression of justice of the category, groups and individuals, justice biasing any one of three forms of justice is possibly partial.

而他们对自己理论的绝对化又导致其理论的相对性，因为人本身是类、群体、个体三重形态的统一，正义也应是类正义、群体正义、个体正义三重形态的统一，任何偏重于其中某一种形式的正义都可能有失偏颇。

From the angle of the dialectical relation of difference and identity, connecting further peoples real patterns of expression (the pattern of expression of the category, the pattern of expression of groups, the pattern of expression of the individuals), we may make the essence of human being to be particularized to three aspects of essence of the category, the groups and the individuals, these three aspects not only prescribe intrinsically the corresponding patterns of expression ofjustice (the justice of the category, the justice of the groups, the justice ofthe individuals), but also prescribe intrinsically the corresponding contents of development and ways of realization of justice.

从差异与同一的辩证关系角度，再结合人的现实的表现样态(类的表现样态、群体的表现样态、个体的表现样态)，我们可以把人的本质具体化为类本质、群体本质、个体本质三个方面，这三个方面不仅内在地规定着相应的正义的表现形态(类的正义、群体的正义、个体的正义)，而且内在地规定着相应正义的发展内容和实现方式。

Justice is a concept which indicates that all kinds of conflicting interests have been balanced properly. The balance can be embodied not only in a result but also in a procedure, so we can ask whether a procedure is justicial or a result is justicial, but we can't say a procedure is "procedurally justicial" or a result is "substantially justicial".

正义本身就是一个标表各种相互冲突的利益被合理平衡的概念，这种平衡可能动态地体现在某种程序中，也可能静态地体现在某一结果中，因此只存在程序是否合乎正义，结果是否合乎正义的问题，并不存在程序合乎&程序正义&，结果合乎&实体正义&的分别。

Chapter 3: function of procedural justice to criminal evidence lawThis chapter explains the reason that procedural justice can legitimatize criminal evidence law.

第二部分围绕程序正义的基本理论问题展开，首先就程序正义的价值问题对国外有关程序正义的理论发展状况进行了介绍与评述，以揭示人们为什么需要程序正义这一问题；其次在他人研究的基础上提出了程序正义的形式层面与实质层面的几个标准，这些标准是作为程序正义的最低限度要求来发挥作用的；最后对程序正义与英美法系的正当程序原则和大陆法系的法治国家程序原则之间的关系进行了归纳总结，并指出程序正义在不同的文化背景下具有一种普遍性。

Concerning the management of the government, Locke's ruled by law and Rawls's ruled by law exist a logical development. 4, Concerning the justice, Locke believes the justice of personal right, Mill believes the utilitarianist justice, Rawls believes the pure procedural justice.

4，在正义问题上，到底是坚持形式正义还是实质正义的问题，从洛克的坚持个人权利、法律正义的形式正义，到密尔对功利主义的结果、功利强调而坚持实质正义，再到罗尔斯的形式正义和实质正义的统一，这一发展过程。

He colligates theories of social justice, and insists that justice be divided into three levels, i.e. partial, domestic and world justice. The law of peoples is a world justice that applies to the principles and norms of international law and practice.

他主张正义有三大层次，即局部正义、国内正义和世界正义，万民法是一种运用于国际法和国际实践中的、关于权利和正义的原则和准则的世界正义。

There is a brief introduction about the development of western just view in Chapter one, among them it is a key about understanding of the social just concept and value judgment, which create the academic background for the just dispute of Rolls and Nozick, promise that will explain next at the same time; Chapter two in this text should explain emphatically, through the two theory frame exposition and comparative analysis, we can draw the conclusion that the essential of the dispute focuses on the value judgment of social justice, that is to say , it is the understanding to right " question ; It is the investigation of social background aboutthe dispute mainly in Chapter three, this shows , the thinking essences of any social justice are all demanded by the reform to the unreasonable social current situations , and this kind of reform often needs implementing to the system or system aspect, therefore the thinking to the theory needs putting in the specific social environment, only through this can we make the accurate judgment ; Begin from chapter four, it is the practical problem that the full text needs solved, namely the unjust problem existing in the transitional country. By probing into the reference meaning of just ideas between Roils and Nozick, and build up foreshadowing for the system of the last chapter; The last chapter, the corresponding solution has be put forward aimed at the origin of the unjust phenomenon that our society make the transition, namely under the background of system innovation, we should structure the scientific management mode, and realize from "good policy " to the basic " good at managing .

第一章简要的介绍了西方正义观的演变过程，其中关于社会正义概念的理解和价值判断是个关键，同时也是为接下来要阐述的罗尔斯、诺齐克正义观的争论创设一个理论的背景；第二章是本文要着重阐述的环节，通过对两者理论框架的阐述和比较分析，得出两者争论的根本还是社会正义的价值判断上，也就是对于&权利&问题的理解；第三章的设置主要对两者争论的社会背景的考察，由此可以看出，任何社会正义的思考实质都是对不合理的社会现状的改革诉求，而这种改革往往需要落实到体制或制度层面，因而对于理论的思考也需要放在特定的社会环境中，才能做出准确的判断；从第四章开始，是全文需要解决的实际问题，即针对转型国家在转型中存在的非正义问题，探讨罗尔斯、诺齐克正义理念的借鉴意义，并为最后一章的制度架构做铺垫；全文最后一章，针对我国社会转型中的非正义现象的产生根源，提出了相应的解决办法，亦即在制度创新的背景下，构建科学管理模式，实现从&善政&到&善治&的根本转变。

Rawls sublated the ancient theory of ""merits"" and the modern theory of ""rights"", put forward a theory of pure procedural background justice, which emphasizes that distribution should be made based on a citizen's needs for his development as a free and equal citizen. In his theory, he identified three methods of constructing theory of distributive justice.

在分配正义理论本身的发展中，罗尔斯扬弃了古代的&德性论&的分配正义观与近代的&权利论&的分配正义观，提出了纯粹程序背景正义的分配正义观，强调从每个人的自由平等的发展之需要的角度着眼，解决分配正义问题。

Rawls sublated the ancient theory of "merits" and the modern theory of "rights", put forward a theory of pure procedural background justice, which emphasizes that distribution should be made based on a citizens needs for his development as a free and equal citizen.In his theory, he identified three methods of constructing theory of distributive justice.

在分配正义理论本身的发展中，罗尔斯扬弃了古代的&德性论&的分配正义观与近代的&权利论&的分配正义观，提出了纯粹程序背景正义的分配正义观，强调从每个人的自由平等的发展之需要的角度着眼，解决分配正义问题。

In addition, the traditional Marxism neglects the poverty of non-producer such as those unable to work. Cohen points out that, due to the flaws above, the traditional Marxism cannot give an effective refutation to Nozick's justification of capitalism. Fourthly, according to Cohen, the traditional Marxism resorts to the principle of self-ownership held by Nozick when it tries to prove the necessity of equality and to vision the socialist principle of distributive justice as well as to criticize the injustice of capitalism. Thus the traditional Marxism holds the same premise with Nozick's theory of justice in holdings, so it's easy to be attacked by Nozick, let alone an effective refutation to Nozick.

第四，传统马克思主义本身在对平等必然性的证明、对社会主义分配正义原则的构想、对资本主义不正义的批判等方面，都没有拒绝诺齐克持有正义理论所坚持的自我所有原则，这就造成了传统马克思主义与诺齐克持有正义理论拥有同一个前提，所以就容易受到诺齐克持有正义理论的攻击，也就谈不上有效回击诺齐克持有正义理论为资本主义所作的辩解和对社会主义的否定了。

The absorption and distribution of chromium were studied in ryeusing nutrient culture technique and pot experiment.

采用不同浓度K2CrO4(0，0.4，0.8和1.2 mmol/L)的Hoagland营养液处理黑麦幼苗，测定铬在黑麦体内的亚细胞分布、铬化学形态及不同部位的积累。

By analyzing theory foundation of mathematical morphology in the digital image processing, researching morphology arithmetic of the binary Image, discussing two basic forms for the least structure element: dilation and erosion.

通过分析数学形态学在图像中的理论基础，研究二值图像的形态分析算法，探讨最小结构元素的两种基本形态：膨胀和腐蚀；分析了数学形态学复杂算法的基本原理，把数学形态学的部分并行处理理念引入到家实际应用中。